Table 3 multivariate analysis of factors associated with multimorbidity according to three definitions

Gender

Woman

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

Man

0.55 (0.47 - 0.64)

0.61 (0.53 - 0.71)

0.51 (0.42 - 0.61)

Age group

35-44

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

45-54

1.59 (1.33 - 1.91)

1.24 (1.05 - 1.45)

1.73 (1.39 - 2.17)

55-64

2.45 (2.03 - 2.95)

1.44 (1.21 - 1.71)

2.52 (2.01 - 3.16)

65+

6.91 (4.28 - 11.1)

2.31 (1.43 - 3.71)

3.36 (2.01 - 5.62)

p-value for trend

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

Education

Primary

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

Apprenticeship

0.84 (0.67 - 1.04)

1.00 (0.81 - 1.24)

0.81 (0.63 - 1.05)

High school/college

0.77 (0.61 - 0.96)

0.98 (0.79 - 1.22)

0.76 (0.58 - 0.99)

University

0.82 (0.64 - 1.04)

0.99 (0.79 - 1.24)

0.68 (0.50 - 0.91)

p-value for trend

0.11

0.99

<0.05

Receiving social help

No

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

Yes

2.40 (1.97 - 2.92)

1.92 (1.56 - 2.35)

2.74 (2.19 - 3.41)

Born in Switzerland

No

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

Yes

1.27 (1.09 - 1.49)

1.29 (1.11 - 1.49)

1.41 (1.17 - 1.71)

Smoking

Never

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

Former

1.54 (1.30 - 1.84)

1.69 (1.44 - 1.98)

1.55 (1.26 - 1.91)

Current

1.51 (1.26 - 1.80)

1.79 (1.51 - 2.11)

1.51 (1.21 - 1.87)

p-value for trend

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

BMI status

Normal

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

Overweight

1.33 (1.11 - 1.59)

0.94 (0.80 - 1.11)

1.10 (0.88 - 1.38)

Obese

2.18 (1.63 - 2.92)

1.41 (1.06 - 1.88)

7.53 (5.40 - 10.5)

p-value for trend

<0.001

0.16

<0.001

Abdominal obesity

No

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

Yes

1.16 (0.93 - 1.45)

1.22 (0.98 - 1.51)

1.24 (0.96 - 1.60)