Table 1 Characteristics of the sample

Demographics

Age, years, mean(sd)

44.2 (15.1)

45.2 (15.7)

43.7 (14.8)*

Education, years, mean(sd)

5.8 (4.9)

6.9 (4.7)

5.5 (5.0)***

Ethnic, Hui,% (n)

1,150 (41.5)

433 (41.5)

717 (41.5)

Marriage, married,% (n)

2,441 (88.1)

913 (87.6)

1528 (88.4)

Region, developed,% (n)

1,055 (38.1)

402 (38.6)

653 (37.8)

Migrant, yes,% (n)

857 (30.9)

295 (28.3)

565 (32.5)*

Urban/rural, rural,% (n)

2,048 (73.9)

787 (75.5)

1261 (72.9)

Physical health

Overall physical health, poor,% (n)

1,152 (41.6)

472 (45.3)

680 (39.3)**

Type II diabetes, yes,% (n)

103 (3.7)

38 (3.6)

65 (3.7)

Hypertension, yes,% (n)

396 (14.3)

144 (13.8)

252 (14.5)

Physical pain, yes,% (n)

1,411 (50.9)

464 (44.5)

947 (54.8)***

Mental disorders

Anxiety disorders, yes,% (n)

705 (25.4)

212 (20.3)

493 (28.5)***

Mood disorders, yes,% (n)

140 (5.0)

47 (4.5)

93 (5.3)

Insomnia, yes,% (n)

1,302 (47.0)

466 (44.7)

836 (48.3)

Religious involvement

Religious attendance, mean (SD)

1.9 (1.4)

2.1 (1.5)

1.8 (1.3)***

Importance of religion, mean (SD)

2.6 (1.2)

2.6 (1.2)

2.6 (1.2)

High religiosity,% (n)

491 (17.7)

238 (22.8)

253 (14.6)***

Religion affiliations

Buddhist/Taoist ,% (n)

246 (8.9)

99 (9.5)

147 (8.5)

Muslim,% (n)

1103 (39.8)

409 (39.2)

694 (40.1)

Christian/Catholic,% (n)

54 (1.9)

23 (2.2)

31 (1.8)

No affiliation,% (n)

1367 (49.3)

511 (49.0)

856 (49.5)

Smoking variables

Current smoking, yes,% (n)

489 (17.6)

466 (44.7)

23 (1.3)***

Past smoker, yes,% (n)

179 (6.4)

156 (14.9)

23 (1.3)***

TUD, yes,% (n)

26 (0.9)

25 (2.4)

1 (0.1)***