BMC Public Health

Table 5 Adjusted associations between area characteristics and adverse birth outcomes according to maternal education, singleton births, Québec, Canada, 1999–2003*

From: The joint influence of area income, income inequality, and immigrant density on adverse birth outcomes: a population-based study

	High school diploma or less				Some postsecondary or more
	OR^†	95% CI	OR^‡	95% CI	OR^†	95% CI	OR^‡	95% CI
PTB
Area income
Poorest	1.08	0.99–1.18	1.08	0.97–1.19	1.04	0.97–1.12	1.02	0.95–1.10
Intermediate	1.07	0.98–1.18	1.08	0.97–1.19	1.02	0.95–1.09	0.99	0.92–1.07
Wealthiest	Referent		Referent		Referent		Referent
Immigrant density
Low	1.02	0.93–1.12	1.01	0.90–1.12	1.16	1.08–1.24	1.15	1.06–1.25
Intermediate	0.99	0.90–1.09	1.01	0.90–1.12	1.07	1.10–1.15	1.08	1.00–1.17
High	Referent		Referent				Referent
Income inequality
High	0.94	0.86–1.03	0.96	0.86–1.08	0.92	0.86–0.99	1.00	0.92–1.09
Intermediate	1.01	0.94–1.10	1.03	0.94–1.13	0.92	0.86–0.98	0.97	0.90–1.04
Low	Referent		Referent		Referent		Referent
SGA birth
Area income
Poorest	1.09	1.00–1.19	1.13	1.02–1.24	1.08	1.03–1.14	1.07	1.00–1.13
Intermediate	1.05	0.96–1.14	1.09	0.99–1.20	1.05	1.00–1.11	1.05	0.99–1.11
Wealthiest	Referent		Referent		Referent		Referent
Immigrant density
Low	0.95	0.87–1.04	0.90	0.81–0.99	1.00	0.94–1.05	0.95	0.89–1.02
Intermediate	1.02	0.93–1.12	1.04	0.94–1.15	0.97	0.91–1.03	0.97	0.91–1.04
High	Referent		Referent		Referent		Referent
Income inequality
High	0.96	0.88–1.05	0.92	0.83–1.03	0.94	0.89–0.99	0.93	0.87–1.00
Intermediate	0.98	0.90–1.06	0.94	0.86–1.03	0.98	0.93–1.03	0.97	0.92–1.03
Low	Referent		Referent		Referent		Referent

PTB = preterm birth; SGA = small-for-gestational-age
* All results are for multi-level logistic regression models.
† Adjusted for individual-level variables (maternal age, education, civil status, birth place, and previous births). PTB is also adjusted for infant sex.
‡ Adjusted for individual-level variables and all variables in table

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