The joint influence of area income, income inequality, and immigrant density on adverse birth outcomes: a population-based study

Table 2 Distribution of adverse birth outcomes according to area characteristics, maternal birth place and education, singleton births, Québec, Canada, 1999–2003

	Foreign-born		Canadian-born		High school diploma or less		Some postsecondary or more
PTB	% PTB	N	% PTB	N	% PTB	N	% PTB	N
Area income
Poorest	6.4	21 657	6.7	91 628	8.1	31 393	5.9	75 344
Intermediate	6.3	22 312	6.4	96 177	7.9	25 718	5.7	84 234
Wealthiest	6.0	15 505	5.9	103 344	7.4	19 920	5.4	90 854
Trend p-value	0.07		<.0001		0.004		<.0001
Immigrant density
Low	4.9	2 043	6.6	112 714	8.1	27 536	6.0	82 546
Intermediate	5.6	7 579	6.2	111 006	7.7	22 350	5.5	86 045
High	6.4	49 852	6.0	67 429	7.6	27 145	5.4	81 841
Trend p-value	0.0002		<.0001		0.01		<.0001
Income inequality
High	6.3	35 819	6.0	80 636	7.3	22 161	5.5	86 780
Intermediate	6.0	16 783	6.3	100 812	8.0	25 257	5.6	84 382
Low	6.3	6 872	6.6	109 701	8.0	29 613	5.9	79 270
Trend p-value	0.28		<.0001		0.004		0.002
SGA birth	% SGA	N	% SGA	N	% SGA	N	% SGA	N
Area income
Poorest	10.0	21 639	8.8	91 542	11.5	31 365	7.9	75 291
Intermediate	9.4	22 301	8.2	96 102	11.0	25 703	7.5	84 175
Wealthiest	9.1	15 492	7.3	103 278	10.5	19 910	6.8	90 795
Trend p-value	0.0009		<.0001		0.0002		<.0001
Immigrant density
Low	9.0	2 042	8.1	112 628	10.8	27 514	7.2	82 492
Intermediate	8.7	7 573	7.9	110 924	11.3	22 335	7.0	85 983
High	9.7	49 817	8.2	67 370	11.1	27 129	8.0	81 786
Trend p-value	0.006		0.33		0.20		<.0001
Income inequality
High	9.4	35 801	7.6	80 560	10.7	22 149	7.3	86 716
Intermediate	9.3	16 763	8.1	100 746	11.1	25 241	7.4	84 326
Low	10.7	6 868	8.4	109 616	11.3	29 588	7.4	79 219
Trend p-value	0.008		<.0001		0.03		0.22

ISSN: 1471-2458