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Table 4 Age and multivariate adjusted odds (OR, 95% CI) and hazard ratios (HR, 95% CI) of multimorbidity, metabolic diseases, and mortality, including additional models adjusted for smoking status or BMI, by educational level among men and women aged 50 to 75 years in the EPIC-Heidelberg cohort

From: The impact of education on risk factors and the occurrence of multimorbidity in the EPIC-Heidelberg cohort

 

Men

Women

Educational level

High

Middle

Low

High

Middle

Low

 

OR

 

OR

95%-CI

OR

95%-CI

 

OR

95%-CI

OR

95%-CI

Multimorbidity: yes 1

           

Age-adjusted

 

1

1.32

1.12–1.55

1.43

1.28–1.61

1

1.13

0.97–1.33

1.33

1.18–1.57

Smoking status -adjusted *

 

1

1.34

1.14–1.58

1.46

1.30–1.64

1

1.14

0.97–1.34

1.38

1.20–1.60

BMI- adjusted **

 

1

1.23

1.05–1.45

1.24

1.10–1.40

1

1.05

0.89–1.23

1.12

0.96–1.30

Fully adjusted #

 

1

1.21

1.02–1.43

1.28

1.12–1.46

1

1.06

0.89–1.25

1.16

0.99–1.36

Metabolic diseases: yes 2

           

Age-adjusted

 

1

1.48

1.23–1.77

1.38

1.22–1.57

1

1.35

1.15–1.59

1.64

1.42–1.90

Smoking status -adjusted *

 

1

1.51

1.26–1.81

1.41

1.25–1.61

1

1.36

1.16–1.60

1.67

1.44–1.93

BMI- adjusted **

 

1

1.34

1.11–1.61

1.09

0.96–1.25

1

1.21

1.03–1.42

1.25

1.18–1.46

Fully adjusted #

 

1

1.37

1.13–1.66

1.15

1.00–1.33

1

1.24

1.04–1.47

1.33

1.13–1.56

 

HR

 

HR

95%-CI

HR

95%-CI

 

HR

95%-CI

HR

95%-CI

All-cause mortality: yes

           

Age-adjusted

 

1

1.38

1.02–1.85

1.90

1.54–2.34

1

1.04

0.67–1.61

1.30

0.89–1.90

Smoking status -adjusted *

 

1

1.26

0.94–1.69

1.69

1.37–2.09

1

1.05

0.68–1.62

1.33

0.92–1.95

BMI- adjusted **

 

1

1.36

1.01–1.83

1.82

1.46–2.25

1

0.99

0.64–1.54

1.23

0.83–1.81

Fully adjusted #

 

1

1.26

0.91–1.74

1.60

1.25–2.05

1

1.32

0.78–2.22

1.49

0.92–2.41

  1. * adjusted for smoking status and age (continuous; years)
  2. ** adjusted for BMI (continuous; kg/m2), and age (continuous; years)
  3. # adjusted for smoking status, BMI (continuous; kg/m2), fruit intake (continuous; g/day), vegetable intake (continuous; g/day), alcohol consumption (continuous; g/day), age (continuous; years), combined total physical activity index (inactive, moderately inactive, moderately active, active)
  4. 1Presence of two or more of the prevalent chronic conditions mentioned in table 1
  5. 2Presence of prevalent metabolic diseases, including hyperuricemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension or dyslipidemia