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Table 2 Diet, body measurements and physical activity levels among non-, low- and high consumers of sugar-added beverages of kindergarten children of Crete.

From: Sugar-added beverages consumption among kindergarten children of Crete: effects on nutritional status and risk of obesity

  

Consumption of Sugar-added beverages

  
  

Non consumers

Consumers

  
   

< 125 g/d

125–250 g/d

> 250 g/d

  
  

Mean ± Standard Error (N)

P -value

P -value for trend

Nutrients

      

   Energy (kcal)

1682 ± 20 (339)

1749 ± 24 (244)

1850 ± 29 (164)

1915 ± 38 (97)

<0.001

<0.001

per 1000 kcal

       
 

Proteins (g)

37.1 ± 0.3 (339)

35.3 ± 0.4 (244)

34.6 ± 0.4 (164)

32.9 ± 0.6 (97)

<0.001

<0.001

 

Carbohydrates (g)

107 ± 1 (339)

111 ± 1 (244)

115 ± 1 (164)

122 ± 1 (97)

<0.001

<0.001

 

Saturated fat (g)

17.8 ± 0.2 (339)

17.5 ± 0.2 (244)

17.0 ± 0.2 (164)

15.9 ± 0.3 (97)

<0.001

<0.001

 

Mono-unsaturated fat (g)

19.5 ± 0.2 (339)

18.7 ± 0.2 (244)

18.6 ± 0.3 (164)

17.7 ± 0.4 (97)

<0.001

<0.001

 

Poly-unsaturated fat (g)

5.3 ± 0.1 (339)

5.2 ± 0.1 (244)

4.9 ± 0.1 (164)

5.1 ± 0.2 (97)

0.077

0.109

 

Calcium (mg)

614 ± 9 (339)

581 ± 11 (244)

562 ± 13 (164)

491 ± 17 (97)

<0.001

<0.001

 

Vitamin A (μg)

400 ± 14 (339)

413 ± 17 (244)

349 ± 21 (164)

338 ± 27 (97)

0.021

0.010

 

Vitamin E (mg)

3.5 ± 0.1 (339)

3.5 ± 0.1 (244)

3.3 ± 0.1 (164)

3.1 ± 0.1 (97)

0.078

0.010

 

Vitamin C (mg)

54.2 ± 1.7 (339)

55.3 ± 2.0 (244)

68.6 ± 2.4 (164)

82.1 ± 3.2 (97)

<0.001

<0.001

Food groups (g/day)

      

   Cereals, rice, potatoes

167 ± 5 (339)

174 ± 6 (244)

186 ± 7 (164)

177 ± 9 (97)

0.156

0.198

   Fruits and Vegetables

214 ± 7 (319)

186 ± 8 (239)

189 ± 10 (161)

171 ± 13 (94)

0.008

0.007

   Milk and yogurt

336 ± 9 (336)

339 ± 12 (242)

327 ± 14 (162)

297 ± 18 (96)

0.238

0.048

   Cheese

28 ± 1 (291)

29 ± 1 (218)

29 ± 1 (153)

28 ± 1 (83)

0.978

0.699

   Red meat

52 ± 2 (293)

55 ± 3 (215)

52 ± 3 (153)

60 ± 4 (93)

0.261

0.103

   Olive oil

17 ± 1 (302)

14 ± 1 (222)

14 ± 1 (152)

13 ± 1 (86)

0.154

0.008

   Sugar and sweets (excluding sugar from sugar-added beverages)

22 ± 1 (248)

23 ± 2 (208)

26 ± 2 (129)

27 ± 3 (77)

0.066

0.011

   Snacks

27 ± 2 (165)

27 ± 2 (149)

29 ± 3 (90)

34 ± 3 (67)

0.232

0.041

Body measurements

      

   Weight (kg)

22.4 ± 0.2 (308)

22.1 ± 0.3 (228)

22.7 ± 0.3 (156)

23.2 ± 0.4 (91)

0.258

0.057

   Body Mass Index (kg/m2)

16.6 ± 0.1(308)

16.4 ± 0.2 (228)

16.9 ± 0.2 (156)

17.4 ± 0.3 (91)

0.028

0.003

   Waist circumference (cm)

55.7 ± 0.3(308)

55.6 ± 0.4 (228)

56.4 ± 0.5 (156)

56.1 ± 0.6 (91)

0.570

0.335

Physical activity

      

   MVPA (mins/week)

63 ± 6 (326)

53 ± 6 (242)

68 ± 8 (163)

44 ± 10 (96)

0.137

0.246

  1. Analysis of Covariance (Heterogeneity was tested by Levene's test). Gender, age and BMI were used as covariates in the analysis of nutrients and foods; gender, age, energy intake and birth weight were covariates in the analysis of body measurements; gender and age were covariates in the analysis of MVPA.