Consumption of Sugar-added beverages | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non consumers | Consumers | ||||||
< 125 g/d | 125–250 g/d | > 250 g/d | |||||
Mean ± Standard Error (N) | P -value | P -value for trend | |||||
Nutrients | |||||||
Energy (kcal) | 1682 ± 20 (339) | 1749 ± 24 (244) | 1850 ± 29 (164) | 1915 ± 38 (97) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
per 1000 kcal | |||||||
Proteins (g) | 37.1 ± 0.3 (339) | 35.3 ± 0.4 (244) | 34.6 ± 0.4 (164) | 32.9 ± 0.6 (97) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Carbohydrates (g) | 107 ± 1 (339) | 111 ± 1 (244) | 115 ± 1 (164) | 122 ± 1 (97) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Saturated fat (g) | 17.8 ± 0.2 (339) | 17.5 ± 0.2 (244) | 17.0 ± 0.2 (164) | 15.9 ± 0.3 (97) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Mono-unsaturated fat (g) | 19.5 ± 0.2 (339) | 18.7 ± 0.2 (244) | 18.6 ± 0.3 (164) | 17.7 ± 0.4 (97) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Poly-unsaturated fat (g) | 5.3 ± 0.1 (339) | 5.2 ± 0.1 (244) | 4.9 ± 0.1 (164) | 5.1 ± 0.2 (97) | 0.077 | 0.109 | |
Calcium (mg) | 614 ± 9 (339) | 581 ± 11 (244) | 562 ± 13 (164) | 491 ± 17 (97) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Vitamin A (μg) | 400 ± 14 (339) | 413 ± 17 (244) | 349 ± 21 (164) | 338 ± 27 (97) | 0.021 | 0.010 | |
Vitamin E (mg) | 3.5 ± 0.1 (339) | 3.5 ± 0.1 (244) | 3.3 ± 0.1 (164) | 3.1 ± 0.1 (97) | 0.078 | 0.010 | |
Vitamin C (mg) | 54.2 ± 1.7 (339) | 55.3 ± 2.0 (244) | 68.6 ± 2.4 (164) | 82.1 ± 3.2 (97) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Food groups (g/day) | |||||||
Cereals, rice, potatoes | 167 ± 5 (339) | 174 ± 6 (244) | 186 ± 7 (164) | 177 ± 9 (97) | 0.156 | 0.198 | |
Fruits and Vegetables | 214 ± 7 (319) | 186 ± 8 (239) | 189 ± 10 (161) | 171 ± 13 (94) | 0.008 | 0.007 | |
Milk and yogurt | 336 ± 9 (336) | 339 ± 12 (242) | 327 ± 14 (162) | 297 ± 18 (96) | 0.238 | 0.048 | |
Cheese | 28 ± 1 (291) | 29 ± 1 (218) | 29 ± 1 (153) | 28 ± 1 (83) | 0.978 | 0.699 | |
Red meat | 52 ± 2 (293) | 55 ± 3 (215) | 52 ± 3 (153) | 60 ± 4 (93) | 0.261 | 0.103 | |
Olive oil | 17 ± 1 (302) | 14 ± 1 (222) | 14 ± 1 (152) | 13 ± 1 (86) | 0.154 | 0.008 | |
Sugar and sweets (excluding sugar from sugar-added beverages) | 22 ± 1 (248) | 23 ± 2 (208) | 26 ± 2 (129) | 27 ± 3 (77) | 0.066 | 0.011 | |
Snacks | 27 ± 2 (165) | 27 ± 2 (149) | 29 ± 3 (90) | 34 ± 3 (67) | 0.232 | 0.041 | |
Body measurements | |||||||
Weight (kg) | 22.4 ± 0.2 (308) | 22.1 ± 0.3 (228) | 22.7 ± 0.3 (156) | 23.2 ± 0.4 (91) | 0.258 | 0.057 | |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 16.6 ± 0.1(308) | 16.4 ± 0.2 (228) | 16.9 ± 0.2 (156) | 17.4 ± 0.3 (91) | 0.028 | 0.003 | |
Waist circumference (cm) | 55.7 ± 0.3(308) | 55.6 ± 0.4 (228) | 56.4 ± 0.5 (156) | 56.1 ± 0.6 (91) | 0.570 | 0.335 | |
Physical activity | |||||||
MVPA (mins/week) | 63 ± 6 (326) | 53 ± 6 (242) | 68 ± 8 (163) | 44 ± 10 (96) | 0.137 | 0.246 |