Table 4 Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for herb use and TCAM use, univariate and multivariate analyses

Sex

   Male (n = 180)

29.9

1.00 (reference)

42.9

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

   Female (n = 438)

29.3

0.97 (0.66–1.42)

.86

54.8

1.61 (1.13–2.30)

.008

1.23 (0.63–2.61)

.501

Age in years

1.00 (0.98–1.02)

.89

0.99 (0.97–1.01)

.25

Educational level

   None (n = 42)

21.4

1.00 (ref)

45.2

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

   Primary (n = 446)

28.9

1.49 (0.69–3.21)

.305

48.4

1.14 (0.60–2.15)

.692

0.99 (0.33–3.03)

.996

   Secondary/postsecondary (n = 126)

35.7

2.04 (0.90–4.64)

.090

65.1

2.26 (1.11–4.59)

.025

2.62 (0.77–8.87)

.122

Residence

   Urban (n = 227)

16.3

1.00 (ref)

40.5

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

   Rural (n = 388)

37.6

3.00 (2.06–4.66)

.000

58.0

2.03 (1.45–2.83)

.000

1.53 (0.84–2.79)

.1.64

1.56 (0.84–1.99)

.157

Religion

   Christian (main stream) (n = 128)

21.1

1.00 (ref)

41.4

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

   Charismatic (n = 230)

27.0

1.38 (0.83–2.31)

.220

53.5

1.63 (1.05–2.52)

.029

0.88 (0.44–1.79)

.726

1.23 (0.62–2.46)

.597

   No religion (n = 106)

42.5

2.76 (1.56–4.90)

.001

52.8

1.59 (0.94–2.66)

.082

1.27 (0.53–3.03)

.588

1.15 (0.55–1.88)

.224

   African/traditional (n = 58)

29.3

1.55 (0.77–3.15)

.224

32.8

0.69 (0.36–1.32)

.263

1.30 (0.50–3.25)

.594

0.35 (0.12–1.07)

.66

Enough money to meet needs

   Not at all (n = 294)

43.0

1.00 (ref)

63.2

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

   A little (= 170)

19.4

0.32 (0.21–0.50)

.000

48.2

0.54 (0.37–0.80)

.002

0.53 (0.26–1.09)

.083

1.37 (0.76–2.45)

.293

   Moderately/mostly/completely (n = 140)

14.0

0.22 (0.13–0.36)

.000

30.7

0.26 (0.17–0.39)

.000

0.69 (0.29–1.65)

.404

1.14 (0.60–2.17)

.686

Main source of household income

   Formal salary (n = 182)

29.1

1.00 (ref)

58.2

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

   Contribution by family members (n = 115)

15.7

0.45 (0.25–0.82)

.009

25.2

0.24 (0.15–0.40)

.000

0.61 (0.29–1.31)

.207

0.32 (0.14–0.70)

.005

   Government grant (n = 138)

39.9

1.61 (1.01–2.57)

.045

58.0

0.99 (0.63–1.55)

.961

1.62 (0.82–3.10)

.164

0.89 (0.43–1.47)

.745

   Grants/donations by private welfare (n = 87)

21.8

0.68 (0.37–1.24)

.208

44.8

0.58 (0.35–0.98)

.040

0.50 (0.20–1.24)

.135

0.77 (0.19–0.84)

.578

   No income (other than social grant) (n = 44)

54.5

2.92 (1.49–5.37)

.002

88.6

5.59 (2.11–14.85)

.001

0.24 (0.02–3.72)

.309

1.45 (0.21–9.88)

.706

Being on a disability grant (chronic illness including AIDS) (n = 128)

   No

16.1

1.00 (ref)

27.6

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

   Yes

32.0

2.46 (1.54–3.93)

.000

72.7

6.98 (4.43–10.99)

.000

3.42 (1.65–7.11)

.001

7.85 (3.38–18.25)

.000

Having a health insurance

   Yes (n = 64)

28.1

1.00 (ref)

40.6

1.00 (ref)

   No (n = 548)

30.0

1.09 (0.61–1.94)

.76

52.8

1.64 (0.97–2.77)

.066

CD4 count

1.00 (0.99–1.00)

.39

1.00 (1.00–1.01)

.049

1.57 (0.70–3.55)

.275

Time since HIV diagnosis

   ≤ 1 year (n = 460)

28.9

1.00 (ref)

50.1

1.00 (ref)

   > 1 and more years (n = 151)

28.7

1.01 (0.67–1.52)

.95

52.0

0.93 (0.64–1.34)

.69

Number of clinic visits in past 6 months

   Never or once (n = 116)

50.9

1.00 (ref)

69.0

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

   Twice (n = 147)

21.1

0.26 (0.15–0.44)

.000

32.0

0.21

.000

0.64 (0.26–1.61)

.159

0.66 (0.23–1.89)

.443.

   Trice or more (n = 348)

25.6

0.51 (0.33–0.80)

.000

53.2

0.51

.003

0.51 (0.23–1.12)

.047

0.97 (0.39–2.42)

951

Number of HIV symptoms

1.00 (0.99–1.02)

.64

1.03 (1.01–1.05)

.001

2.26 (1.28–3.99)

.005

Nagelkerke R Square

.19

.44