Table 4 Summary of studies reporting comorbidities with diabetes.

O'Halloran et al, 2003 [42] ≥ 65 yrs n = 2,976 GP encounters (diabetes prevalence 14.4%)

NHS 2004–05 [2] ≥ 65 yrs n = 3,212 self-report all conditions (diabetes prevalence 13.7%)

Thomas and Nestel, 2007 [43] mean age = 65 yrs, n = 3893 NEFRON study, GP diagnosed type 2 diabetes and comorbidities

Bruce et al, 2005 ≥ 40 yrs [38] (mean age 64 yrs) n = 1,273 clinically diagnosed type 2 diabetes, depression GHS^c questionnaire, comorbidities self-report validated with hospital records

Clarke et al, 2006 [40] ≥ 35 yrs (mean age 64 yrs), n = 20,538, diabetes diagnosed by diabetes medication, HbA1c or hospital diagnosis (primary or secondary ICD-9 250), co-morbidities identified from hospital administrative data (ICD-9 CM)

Goldney et al, 2004 [32] ≥ 15 yrs n = 3,010 self-report of doctor diagnosed diabetes (prevalence 5.2%), depression by PRIME-MD^f questionnaire.

Kemp et al, 2005 [33] ≥ 25 yrs, n = 11,247 AusDiab survey, self-report doctor diagnosed diabetes, confirmed with hypoglycemic drug use or glucose tolerance test (diabetes prevalence 3.9%), clinical measurement of comorbidities.

Mitchell et al, 1998 [34] ≥ 49 yrs, n = 3,654 self report of doctor diagnosed diabetes (prevalence 5.9%) and comorbidities

NHS 2004–05 [2] ≥ 25 yrs n = 17,202 self-report all conditions (diabetes prevalence 5.2%)