Are hygiene and public health interventions likely to improve outcomes for Australian Aboriginal children living in remote communities? A systematic review of the literature

Table 4 Study Results – education and other hygiene behaviour change

Study	Outcome	Relative Risk (95% C I)
Pinfold and Horan 1996 [49] CBA Quality Score 3^a	Fingertip contamination levels
Haggerty, Muladi et al 1994 [54] RCT Quality Score 4^b	Risk of reporting diarrhoea in peak diarrhoeal season	0.89 (0.80, 0.98)^c
Ahmed, Zeitlin et al 1993 [48] CBA Quality Score 4^a	Diarrhoea
	Children 0 -18 months	0.66^d
Stanton & Clemens 1987, 1987 [32,33] RCT Quality Score 4^b	Diarrhoea
	Total episodes Children <6yrs	0.74 (0.67, 0.82)^e
	Age Group
	0 yrs	0.76 (0.55, 1.05)
	1 yrs	0.92 (0.75, 1.13)
	2 yrs	0.54 (0.43, 0.66)^e
	3 yrs	0.68 (0.54, 0.85)^f
	4 yrs	0.93 (0.69, 1.25)
	5 yrs	0.92 (0.68, 1.21)
	Overall	0.75 (0.68, 0.83)^e;g
Yeager, Huttly et al 2002 [35] RCT Quality Score 3^b	No disease outcome – Hygiene knowledge and practices
Tonon 1982 [55] CBA Quality Score 2^a	No disease outcome – Observed sanitary changes

^aMaximum Score for CBA 6; ^bMaximum score for RCT 7; ^cCI taken from Fewtrell and Colford [71]; ^dStudy not analysed as a CBA; RR taken from Fewtrell and Colford [71], no CI provided; ^eP < 0.0001; ^fP < 0.001; ^gEpisodes per 100 person-weeks of observation.

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