Smoking in context – a multilevel approach to smoking among females in Helsinki

BMC Public Health

Table 3 Associations of the area-level indicators with daily smoking in models adjusted for the individual characteristics (107 areas) [Odds ratio and 95 % c.i.]

Indicator	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
% Unemployed¹
Lowest quartile	1.00	1.00	1.00
2^nd quartile	1.14 [0.88–1.47]	1.15 [0.89–1.49]	1.11 [0.85–1.46]
3^rd quartile	1.54 [1.21–1.96]	1.54 [1.21–1.97]	1.45 [1.12–1.88]
Highest quartile	1.41 [1.10–1.80]	1.38 [1.08–1.77]	1.28 [0.98–1.65]
% Manual workers²
Lowest quartile	1.00	1.00	1.00
2^nd quartile	0.86 [0.67–1.11]	0.87 [0.68–1.13]	0.83 [0.64–1.08]
3^rd quartile	1.12 [0.89–1.41]	1.11 [0.88–1.41]	1.04 [0.82–1.33]
Highest quartile	1.32 [1.03–1.70]	1.31 [1.02–1.69]	1.20 [0.92–1.55]
% Single households³
Lowest quartile	1.00	1.00	1.00
2^nd quartile	1.44 [1.14–1.80]	1.44 [1.15–1.81]	1.38 [1.10–1.75]
3^rd quartile	1.65 [1.33–2.05]	1.65 [1.33–2.06]	1.63 [1.31–2.04]
Highest quartile	1.44 [1.14–1.80]	1.38 [1.09–1.76]	1.35 [1.05–1.72]
% Single-parent families⁴
Lowest quartile	1.00	1.00	1.00
2^nd quartile	1.08 [0.82–1.42]	1.06 [0.81–1.40]	1.03 [0.78–1.37]
3^rd quartile	1.43 [1.11–1.83]	1.43 [1.12–1.83]	1.37 [1.06–1.77]
Highest quartile	1.28 [1.00–1.65]	1.28 [1.00–1.64]	1.21 [0.94–1.57]

Model 1: Age adjusted
Model 2: Model 1 + family type adjusted
Model 3: Model 2 + SES + Education adjusted
¹ % employed of total labour force. Year 2001. Source: City of Helsinki Urban Facts.
² % manual workers of economically active residents. Year 2000. Source: Helsinki Region Statistics.
³ % single households of all households. Year 2001. Helsinki Region Statistics
⁴ % single-parent families of all families. Year 2001. Helsinki Region Statistics

ISSN: 1471-2458