Sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic and opioid medicament use and its co-occurrence with tobacco smoking and alcohol risk drinking in a community sample

John, Ulrich; Baumeister, Sebastian E; Völzke, Henry; Meyer, Christian; Ulbricht, Sabina; Alte, Dietrich

doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-337

Table 6 Substance use patterns

From: Sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic and opioid medicament use and its co-occurrence with tobacco smoking and alcohol risk drinking in a community sample

	Men						Women
	Current smokers, no alcohol risk drinking, no SO^a use	Current smokers, alcohol risk drinking, no SO^a use	No current smokers, alcohol risk drinking, no SO^a use	All SO^a users	No substance use	Total	Current smokers, no alcohol risk drinking, no SO* use	Current smokers, alcohol risk drinking, no SO^a use	No current smokers, alcohol risk drinking, no SO^a use	All SO^a users	No substance use	Total
Total	20.3	12.5	15.1	3.0	49.1	100.0	22.9	2.8	4.6	5.0	64.7	100.0
	Chi² 330.5; df 4; p < 0.001; w .27
Age (years)
20–39	30.9	19.9	13.8	2.0	33.5	100.0	37.8	3.7	4.6	2.1	51.8	100.0
40–59	20.6	15.8	19.8	2.2	41.7	100.0	21.6	4.1	5.9	4.7	63.7	100.0
60–79	11.7	3.5	11.6	4.7	68.4	100.0	8.6	0.2	3.0	8.4	79.8	100.0
	Chi² 281.1; df 8; p < 0.001; w .36						Chi² 249.2; df 8; p < 0.001; w .32
Education (years)
< 10	19.2	9.6	12.4	3.7	55.0	100.0	15.7	1.1	3.2	7.6	72.5	100.0
10	23.4	16.4	16.9	2.9	40.4	100.0	30.7	3.3	4.2	3.6	58.2	100.0
> 10	14.8	9.5	17.4	1.6	56.8	100.0	15.9	4.9	10.1	2.3	66.9	100.0
	Chi² 64.2; df 8; p < 0.001; w .17						Chi² 123.0; df 8; p < 0.001; w .24
Income^b (Euro)
< 950	25.3	17.3	13.8	3.3	40.3	100.0	30.1	4.8	2.8	4.5	57.8	100.0
950 – < 1440	20.1	11.0	16.0	2.6	50.3	100.0	22.2	1.4	5.4	4.4	66.6	100.0
> 1440	15.1	9.5	16.4	2.8	56.3	100.0	15.1	2.0	6.2	5.8	70.9	100.0
	Chi² 56.9; df 8; p < 0.001; w .17						Chi² 73.9; df 8; p < 0.001; w .19
Outpatient care
Neurologist or psychiatrist	14.0	6.0	13.5	14.0	52.4	100.0	15.3	2.4	3.5	13.9	64.8	100.0
GP, not neurologist or psychiatrist	20.4	11.8	15.1	2.0	50.7	100.0	22.9	2.7	4.3	4.4	65.7	100.0
Other, not neurologist or psychiatrist	15.9	10.7	17.8	3.7	51.8	100.0	21.5	2.4	7.2	1.7	67.2	100.0
No	28.1	21.1	13.4	0.3	37.1	100.0	41.3	4.9	4.9	0.0	49.0	100.0
	Chi² 108.0; df 12; p < 0.001; w .26						Chi² 103.0; df 12; p < 0.001; w .22
Inpatient care (days)
no	20.9	12.8	15.5	2.6	48.3	100.0	23.4	2.8	4.9	4.5	64.4	100.0
1–9	20.4	13.4	14.1	2.8	49.3	100.0	23.0	4.0	3.4	6.8	62.8	100.0
10 or more	15.5	9.3	11.9	7.2	56.2	100.0	17.7	1.2	2.4	9.2	69.5	100.0
	Chi² 18.1; df 8; p < 0.05; w .10						Chi² 14.9; df 8; ns; w .08
Psychiatric disorders (number)
0	19.9	12.9	16.2	0.9	50.1	100.0	21.9	2.2	4.1	2.8	69.0	100.0
1 – 2	21.7	11.7	14.4	2.8	49.4	100.0	26.4	1.5	4.6	4.0	63.6	100.0
3 or more	18.7	13.1	13.8	7.9	46.5	100.0	20.0	4.7	5.1	8.3	61.9	100.0
	Chi² 46.8; df 8; p < 0.001; w .16						Chi² 47.4; df 8; p < 0.001; w .15

Row percent.
Chi²: Likelihood chi²-test, significance levels: p < 0.001, p < 0.05, ns not significant.
df degrees of freedom.
w Cohen's w [20].
Current smokers: current cigarette smokers, alcohol risk drinking according to [14],
^a Sedatives, hypnotics, or anxiolytics or opioids: ATC groups N01AF, N01AG, N03AA, N05CA, N05CB, N03AE, N05BA, N05CD, N05CF, N05BC, N05CE, N05CM, N05CX, A07DA52, N01AH, N02AA, N02AB, N02AC, N02AD, N02AE, N02AF, N02AG, N02AX, N02CX58 [13] during the past 7 days prior to the health examination.
^b Household-income divided by number of persons per household.

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