Table 3 Multinomial logistic regression comparing cocaine only and both opiate and cocaine overdose compared to opiate only overdose deaths among decedents ages 15–64, New York City, 1990–2000*
From: Cocaine- and opiate-related fatal overdose in New York City, 1990–2000
Cocaine only overdose deaths vs opiate only overdose deaths | Opiate/cocaine overdose deaths vs opiate only overdose deaths | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted model | Adjusted model | |||||
Characteristics | OR | 95 CI | p-value | OR | 95 CI | p-value |
Sex | ||||||
Female | REF | --- | --- | REF | --- | --- |
Male | 0.71 | 0.62 – 0.82 | <0.0001 | 0.88 | 0.77 – 1.01 | 0.0733 |
Race/ethnicity | ||||||
White | REF | --- | --- | REF | --- | --- |
Black | 4.73 | 4.08 – 5.49 | <0.0001 | 1.94 | 1.71 – 2.21 | <0.0001 |
Hispanic | 1.51 | 1.29 – 1.76 | <0.0001 | 1.20 | 1.06 – 1.36 | 0.0035 |
Age | ||||||
15–24 | REF | --- | --- | REF | --- | --- |
25–34 | 1.74 | 1.27 – 2.37 | 0.0005 | 1.41 | 1.12 – 1.79 | 0.0040 |
35–44 | 1.43 | 1.05 – 1.94 | 0.0217 | 1.11 | 0.88 – 1.39 | 0.3891 |
45–54 | 1.69 | 1.23 – 2.32 | 0.0012 | 0.88 | 0.69 – 1.13 | 0.3318 |
55–64 | 2.53 | 1.70 – 3.75 | <0.0001 | 0.75 | 0.52 – 1.08 | 0.1254 |
Borough of death | ||||||
Manhattan | REF | --- | --- | REF | --- | --- |
Bronx | 0.93 | 0.79 – 1.10 | 0.3915 | 0.87 | 0.76 – 1.00 | 0.0551 |
Brooklyn | 0.80 | 0.68 – 0.93 | 0.0033 | 0.63 | 0.55 – 0.72 | <0.0001 |
Queens | 0.85 | 0.71 – 1.03 | 0.0934 | 0.70 | 0.60 – 0.82 | <0.0001 |
Staten Island | 1.01 | 0.69 – 1.49 | 0.9575 | 0.66 | 0.47 – 0.93 | 0.0165 |
Place of OD episode | ||||||
Other inside (not residence) | REF | --- | --- | REF | --- | --- |
Residence | 0.92 | 0.78 – 1.07 | 0.2830 | 0.93 | 0.81 – 1.06 | 0.2754 |
Outside | 1.34 | 1.06 – 1.68 | 0.0127 | 1.08 | 0.88 – 1.32 | 0.4626 |
Cannabis detected | ||||||
no | REF | --- | --- | REF | --- | --- |
yes | 0.96 | 0.77 – 1.21 | 0.7590 | 1.25 | 1.04 – 1.50 | 0.0161 |
Alcohol detected | ||||||
no | REF | --- | --- | REF | --- | --- |
yes | 0.50 | 0.44 – 0.56 | <0.0001 | 0.89 | 0.80 – 0.98 | 0.0221 |
Year of death | ||||||
1990 | REF | --- | --- | REF | --- | --- |
1991 | 1.37 | 1.00 – 1.87 | 0.0465 | 1.17 | 0.88 – 1.55 | 0.2790 |
1992 | 1.30 | 0.95 – 1.77 | 0.0963 | 1.28 | 0.97 – 1.68 | 0.0831 |
1993 | 0.98 | 0.72 – 1.31 | 0.8726 | 1.38 | 1.06 – 1.78 | 0.0157 |
1994 | 1.19 | 0.89 – 1.60 | 0.2449 | 1.38 | 1.06 – 1.79 | 0.0161 |
1995 | 0.79 | 0.59 – 1.07 | 0.1281 | 1.11 | 0.86 – 1.44 | 0.4269 |
1996 | 0.97 | 0.72 – 1.30 | 0.8246 | 0.93 | 0.71 – 1.21 | 0.5770 |
1997 | 0.76 | 0.56 – 1.03 | 0.0727 | 0.73 | 0.56 – 0.95 | 0.0210 |
1998 | 0.86 | 0.63 – 1.18 | 0.3552 | 1.03 | 0.78 – 1.35 | 0.8522 |
1999 | 0.78 | 0.57 – 1.07 | 0.1178 | 0.84 | 0.64 – 1.11 | 0.2271 |
2000 | 0.66 | 0.49 – 0.91 | 0.0098 | 0.81 | 0.62 – 1.06 | 0.1276 |