Perceptions of the neighbourhood environment and self rated health: a multilevel analysis of the Caerphilly Health and Social Needs Study

Table 4 Odds ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) of reporting poor health for male and female respondents.

	Male			Female
	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p
Model 1: Socio-demographics ⁽¹⁾
Age	1.02	1.02–1.03	<0.001	1.02	1.02–1.03	<0.001
Social class (I & II)
III NM	1.03	0.79–1.34	0.834	1.05	0.88–1.25	0.610
III M	1.41	1.17–1.69	<0.001	1.19	0.93–1.52	0.159
IV & V	1.56	1.27–1.91	<0.001	1.29	1.08–1.54	0.005
Other	1.22	0.79–1.89	0.358	1.51	1.15–1.98	0.003
Employment status (employed)
Unemployed	1.79	1.27–2.53	<0.001	1.00	0.62–1.62	0.984
Retired	2.44	1.97–3.03	<0.001	2.26	1.87–2.75	<0.001
Disabled	20.92	16.07–27.24	<0.001	17.59	13.83–22.37	<0.001
Other	1.53	1.04–2.25	0.032	1.48	1.22–1.81	<0.001
Household tenure (homeowner)
Non-homeowner	1.57	1.30–1.89	<0.001	1.57	1.34–1.84	<0.001
Model 2b: Adjusted for socio-demographics ^{(2 3)}
Access to amenities	1.10	1.03–1.18	0.007	1.09	1.03–1.16	0.003
Neighbourhood quality	1.20	1.12–1.29	<0.001	1.17	1.09–1.24	<0.001
Neighbourhood disorder	1.12	1.05–1.21	0.001	1.11	1.04–1.18	0.002
Social cohesion	1.05	0.97–1.13	0.221	1.12	1.06–1.19	<0.001
Deprivation	1.21	1.11–1.31	<0.001	1.16	1.08–1.24	<0.001

(1) Reference groups are given in brackets.
(2) The neighbourhood measures were included as z-scores, with higher values representing a more negative evaluation.
(3) The odds ratios are expressed for each SD increase.

ISSN: 1471-2458