Household and community socioeconomic and environmental determinants of child nutritional status in Cameroon

Pongou, Roland; Ezzati, Majid; Salomon, Joshua A

doi:10.1186/1471-2458-6-98

BMC Public Health

Table 6 Multilevel linear regression estimates of the effects of socioeconomic and environmental factors on height-for-age z-score

From: Household and community socioeconomic and environmental determinants of child nutritional status in Cameroon

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4		Model 5		Model 6		Model 7
	1991	1998	1991	1998	1991	1998	1991	1998	1991	1998	1991	1998	1991	1998
Household economic status
1^st quintile (reference)
2^nd quintile	0.163	0.241**	0.172	0.213*			0.181	0.248**	0.140	0.248**			0.147	0.241**
3^rd quintile	-0.186	0.120	-0.171	0.113			-0.115	0.143	-0.152	0.134			-0.141	0.144
4^th quintile	0.154	0.312**	0.147	0.298**			0.107	0.300**	-0.023	0.277**			-0.025	0.305**
5^th quintile	0.429**	0.560***	0.384**	0.550***			0.317**	0.502***	0.067	0.439**			0.047	0.478**
Continuous	0.250***	0.245***	0.221***	0.239***			0.146**	0.206**	0.011	0.160**			-0.007	0.176**
Maternal health-seeking behavior
1^st quintile (reference)
2^nd quintile	0.275*	0.295**	0.217	0.160			0.146	0.129	0.167	0.124			0.175	0.102
3^rd quintile	0.147	0.135	0.054	-0.111			0.117	-0.037	0.128	-0.035			0.117	-0.089
4^th quintile	0.301*	0.361**	0.132	0.054			0.234	0.253*	0.214	0.248*			0.193	0.167
5^th quintile	0.326**	0.365**	0.112	-0.045			0.259	0.260*	0.204	0.237			0.155	0.117
Continuous	0.087*	0.123**	0.06	-0.007			0.083	0.108**	0.060	0.103**			0.050	0.071
Household environment
Water
Poor (reference)
Medium					0.189*	0.146			0.119	-0.026			0.073	0.014
Good					0.381**	0.090			0.254**	-0.134			0.190	-0.094
Sanitation
Poor (reference)
Medium					0.045	0.496**			-0.080	0.399**			-0.150	0.402**
Good					0.125	0.219**			0.089	0.042			0.076	0.051
Cooking fuel
Poor (reference)
Good					0.380***	0.187**			0.292**	0.059			0.245**	0.064
Maternal education
No education (reference)
Primary			0.206*	0.356***							0.141	0.258**	0.100	0.199
Secondary or +			0.374**	0.535***							0.241*	0.459***	0.150	0.313**
Maternal age at birth (yrs)
<20 (reference)
20–29							0.015	0.100	-0.004	0.098	0.012	0.129	-0.001	0.106
30–49							0.044	0.137	0.040	0.131	0.047	0.188*	0.051	0.157
Maternal marital status
Married monogamy							0.223**	-0.022	0.212**	-0.029	0.230**	-0.032	0.222**	-0.030
Other (reference)
Child sex
Male							-0.065	-0.198**	-0.052	-0.198**	-0.065	-0.196**	-0.056	-0.198**
Female (reference)
Child age (months)
0–5 (reference)
6–11							-0.727***	-0.612***	-0.741***	-0.620***	-0.718***	-0.589***	-0.745***	-0.614***
12–23							-1.511***	-1.770***	-1.497***	-1.769***	-1.492***	-1.745***	-1.497***	-1.752***
24–35							-1.664***	-1.743***	-1.653***	-1.743***	-1.645***	-1.707***	-1.656***	-1.727***
Birth size
Small (reference)
Average							0.302**	0.120	0.315**	0.124	0.325**	0.114	0.329**	0.124
Large							0.552***	0.352***	0.567***	0.124***	0.566***	0.356***	0.572***	0.351***
Breastfeeding duration
Never breastfed							-0.258	-0.687	-0.258	-0.691	-0.190	-0.679	-0.221	-0.652
Still breastfeeding							-0.407*	-0.412	-0.335	-0.343	-0.313	-0.410	-0.297	-0.307
Breastfed 0–4 months							0.052	-0.108	0.081	-0.969	0.104	-0.100	0.110	-0.076
Breastfed 5–6 months (reference)
Breastfed 7–18 months							-0.027	-0.103	0.019	-0.041	0.036	-0.111	0.046	-0.013
Breastfed 19 months or more							-0.213	-0.189	-0.144	-0.123	-0.142	-0.179	-0.095	-0.077
Preceding birth interval
First born child							0.032	-0.074	0.029	-0.075	0.022	-0.100	0.030	-0.088
7–18 months							-0.021	-0.233	-0.036	-0.237	-0.023	-0.274*	-0.033	-0.253*
19–23 months							-0.152	-0.224**	-0.129	-0.221**	-0.130	-0.220*	-0.125	-0.227**
24 months or more (reference)
Place of residence
Yaounde/Douala											-0.092	0.276	-0.198	0.175
Intermediate cities											-0.206*	0.158	-0.245*	0.041
Rural (reference)
Region
West/Littoral							0.218	0.293**	0.185	0.273**	0.069	0.152	0.052	0.160
North-West/South-West							0.143	0.400**	0.150	0.406**	0.028	0.268**	0.025	0.315**
Center/South/East							0.251*	0.175	0.217*	0.161	0.096	-0.013	0.072	0.024
Adamaoua/North/Far-North (reference)
Community environmental index											0.156***	0.021	0.103**	-0.049
Log-Likelihood	-5951.931		-5939.119		-5953.087		-5594.023		-5578.431		-5600.445		-5571.327
Number of children	3321		3321		3321		3321		3321		3321		3321
Number of clusters	350		350		350		350		350		350		350
Random-effects parameters
Between individual variance (95 CI)	2.059 (1.958–2.165		2.055 (1.954–2.161)		2.057 (1.957–2.163)		1.660 (1.578–1.746)		1.649 (1.567–1.734)		1.675 (1.592–1.762)		1.647 (1.565–1.732)
Between cluster variance (95 CI)	0.059 (0.029–0.118)		0.042 (0.017–0.105)		0.063 (0.033–0.121)		0.047 (0.022–0.100)		0.041 (0.018–0.095)		0.036 (0.015–0.090)		0.034 (0.013–0.090)

Notes: -Each model (except for models 3 and 6) was estimated twice; for the first estimation, economic status and maternal health-seeking behavior were included as continuous variables, all other variables remaining unchanged, and for the second estimation, the quintiles of these variables were included; the table reports coefficients on other variables for the second estimation. A dummy indicator for missing values was also included for each variable with missing values. CI denotes confidence interval.
-Statistical significance: *: P < 0.10; **: p < 0.05; ***: p < 0.001

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ISSN: 1471-2458

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