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Table 6 Association of parental educational and living conditions with health indicators of 6-year-old children in West Germany from 1991 to 2000. Results of multiple linear regression and logistic regression analyses.

From: Preschool children's health and its association with parental education and individual living conditions in East and West Germany

Health indicator

 

Parental education

Living condition

  

Low parental educational level 1st step *

Low parental educational level 2nd step **

Single child ***

Small living space ***

Unfavourable indoor air ***

Damp housing condition ***

Maternal smoking during pregnancy ***

Living near a busy road ***

 

Sample size

Adjusted standardized means difference (95% confidence interval) – bold type if significant (p < 0.05)

Airway resistance [kPa•s/l]

983

1.030 (0.999–1.060)

1.015 (0.983–1.047)

0.993 (0.956–1.030)

1.017 (0.980–1.054)

1.022 (0.985–1.059)

0.942 (0.869–1.015)

1.051 (1.015–1.088)

1.018 (0.988–1.048)

Total lung capacity [% predicted]

787

1.003 (0.988–1.017)

1.006 (0.991–1.021)

1.017 (0.999–1.035)

0.986 (0.968–1.003)

0.993 (0.976–1.011)

1.026 (0.989–1.063)

0.995 (0.977–1.012)

0.993 (0.978–1.007)

Birth weight [g]

5812

0.982 (0.972–0.991)

1.000 (0.990–1.009)

0.973 (0.962–0.983)

0.982 (0.971–0.993)

0.999 (0.988–1.011)

1.018 (0.999–1.037)

0.935 (0.925–0.945)

0.994 (0.985–1.003)

Body height [cm]

5784

0.998 (0.996–1.001)

1.000 (0.998–1.003)

1.004 (1.001–1.006)

0.998 (0.995–1.000)

0.999 (0.996–1.003)

1.003 (0.998–1.008)

0.992 (0.989–0.994)

1.001 (0.998–1.003)

 

Sample size

Adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) – bold type if significant (p < 0.05)

Overweight, BMI > 19 kg/m2

5783

1.83 (1.44–2.31)

1.67 (1.31–2.14)

1.33 (1.05–1.68)

1.15 (0.90–1.46)

1.12 (0.86–1.47)

1.26 (0.85–1.86)

1.20 (0.96–1.50)

1.03 (0.84–1.26)

Bronchitis, ever diagnosed

5757

0.67 (0.60–0.74)

0.68 (0.60–0.76)

0.93 (0.82–1.06)

0.86 (0.75–0.98)

1.15 (1.00–1.32)

1.30 (1.03–1.65)

1.01 (0.89–1.14)

1.01 (0.91–1.12)

More than 4 colds in the last 12 months

5768

0.83 (0.72–0.97)

0.84 (0.72–0.99)

1.19 (1.00–1.41)

0.95 (0.79–1.14)

0.96 (0.79–1.18)

1.62 (1.21–2.17)

0.83 (0.70–0.99)

1.11 (0.96–1.29)

Frequent cough

5892

1.12 (0.91–1.37)

0.98 (0.79–1.22)

1.13 (0.89–1.42)

1.16 (0.92–1.46)

0.88 (0.68–1.15)

2.60 (1.90–3.55)

1.16 (0.93–1.43)

1.25 (1.02–1.52)

Sneeze attacks in the last 12 months

5200

0.94 (0.73–1.20)

0.85 (0.65–1.11)

1.56 (1.18–2.05)

1.16 (0.86–1.56)

1.21 (0.88–1.66)

2.25 (1.52–3.33)

1.00 (0.76–1.32)

1.11 (0.87–1.42)

Allergy, ever diagnosed

5831

0.68 (0.59–0.79)

0.69 (0.59–0.81)

1.14 (0.95–1.36)

1.00 (0.83–1.20)

0.97 (0.79–1.19)

1.20 (0.87–1.66)

0.93 (0.78–1.11)

0.95 (0.81–1.10)

Eczema, ever diagnosed

5716

0.56 (0.48–0.66)

0.59 0.50–0.70)

0.80 (0.66–0.97)

0.88 (0.72–1.07)

1.07 (0.87–1.32)

1.10 (0.77–1.57)

0.85 (0.71–1.03)

1.07 (0.92–1.25)

Atopic eczema, day of investigation

2052

0.84 (0.61–1.16)

0.85 (0.61–1.19)

0.92 (0.61–1.40)

0.86 (0.55–1.33)

0.94 (0.62–1.43)

0.71 (0.28–1.82)

0.96 (0.64–1.46)

1.21 (0.87–1.69)

Specific IgE grass pollen positive

1807

0.84 (0.62–1.13)

0.84 (0.61–1.16)

1.78 (1.25–2.54)

1.22 (0.82–1.80)

0.84 (0.55–1.27)

0.56 (0.22–1.42)

0.82 (0.55–1.21)

1.09 (0.80–1.48)

Specific IgE house dust mite positive

1781

0.75 (0.57–1.00)

0.72 (0.53–0.97)

1.22 (0.86–1.73)

1.19 (0.83–1.71)

1.14 (0.79–1.63)

1.18 (0.60–2.30)

0.92 (0.64–1.32)

1.19 (0.89–1.58)

  1. * adjusted for gender, year of investigation and urban/rural residency; ** same as '*', but additionally adjusted for the six living conditions; *** same as '*', but additionally adjusted for parental education and the 5 other living conditions
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