Effort-reward imbalance at work and the co-occurrence of lifestyle risk factors: cross-sectional survey in a sample of 36,127 public sector employees

Table 1 Descriptive statistics and the mean number of risk factors by sociodemographic variables and Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI)

	Women (N = 28,894)		Men (N = 7233)
	N (%)	Mean number of risk factors (SD)	N (%)	Mean number of risk factors (SD)
Age group (yr)
17 to 34	4913 (17)	0.7 (0.8)	1181 (16)	1.0 (0.9)
35 to 50	14,878 (51)	0.9 (0.9)	3543 (49)	1.2 (0.9)
51 to 64	9103 (32)	1.0 (0.9)	2509 (35)	1.3 (0.9)
		p < 0.001		p < 0.001
Marital status
Married or cohabiting	21,506 (75)	0.9 (0.8)	5834 (81)	1.2 (0.9)
Single, divorced or widowed	7311 (25)	0.9 (0.9)	1399 (19)	1.3 (1.0)
		p < 0.001		p < 0.001
Socioeconomic position
Manual	3579 (12)	1.1 (0.9)	2404 (33)	1.4 (0.9)
Lower non-manual	17,119 (59)	0.9 (0.8)	2057 (28)	1.2 (0.9)
Upper non-manual	8196 (28)	0.8 (0.8)	2767 (38)	1.0 (0.9)
		p < 0.001		p < 0.001
Type of job contract
Permanent	23,833 (83)	0.9 (0.9)	6282 (87)	1.2 (0.9)
Fixed term	5061 (18)	0.8 (0.8)	951 (13)	1.0 (0.9)
		p < 0.001		p < 0.001
Effort-Reward Imbalance (ecological score)
Low	9291 (32)	0.8 (0.8)	2826 (39)	1.1 (0.9)
Intermediate	10,202 (35)	0.8 (0.8)	2059 (28)	1.2 (0.9)
High	9710 (33)	1.0 (0.9)	2417 (33)	1.4 (0.9)
		p < 0.001		p < 0.001
Effort-Reward Imbalance (individual score)
Low	9001 (31)	0.9 (0.8)	2657 (37)	1.2 (0.9)
Intermediate	11,085 (38)	0.9 (0.8)	2429 (33)	1.2 (0.9)
High	8758 (30)	0.9 (0.9)	2151 (30)	1.3 (1.0)
		p < 0.001		p < 0.001
Lifestyle risk factors
Current smoker	4978 (17)		1715 (24)
Heavy drinker*	2210 (8)		890 (12)
Physically inactive^†	7065 (25)		1950 (27)
Body mass index ≥25 kg/m²	11,454 (40)		4252 (59)
No. of risk factors
Zero	10,958 (38)		1731 (24)
One	11,437 (40)		2918 (40)
Two	5323 (19)		19537(27)
Three or four	1176 (4)		647 (9)

Only participants with no missing data in any of the variables were included. (In analyses for the individual level ERI score, N = 28,544 for women and N = 7170 for men.)
SD, standard deviation
p values from Chi Square test.
*Average weekly consumption ≥190 g of absolute alcohol for women and >275 g for men.
^†< 2 MET hours.

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