Health system outcomes and determinants amenable to public health in industrialized countries: a pooled, cross-sectional time series analysis

Table 1 Descriptive statistics for variables used in the pooled cross-sectional time series analysis

Variables	1970–79		1980–89		1990–99
	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation
All-cause mortality (both sexes per 100,000 population)	938.25	113.74	789.11	79.79	687.65	83.87
Potential years of life lost (before age 70 years per 100,000 population)	7009.15	1449.67	5372.07	891.38	4424.51	798.37
Tobacco (grams per capita)	2,699.88	450.32	2411.38	455.98	2052.00	502.29
Alcohol consumption (liters per capita)	11.62	3.52	11.33	2.94	9.98	2.27
Fat consumption (kilograms of butter per capita per year)	5.42	3.76	4.90	3.30	3.56	2.42
Fruit & vegetable consumption (kilograms per capita per year)	184.69	61.97	200.14	68.71	220.75	71.03
Protein consumption (grams per capita per day)	93.48	8.03	98.62	7.81	103.06	7.52
Pollution (Nitrogen oxide emission, in kilograms per capita)	41.50	16.29	43.77	20.72	44.71	26.59
Collective health expenditure (% GDP)	0.45	0.24	0.50	0.25	0.53	0.32
Healthcare coverage (% population) [without USA]	90.49 [92.2]	13.69 [12.10]	94.16 [96.75]	13.40 [7.10]	93.84 [97.86]	17.61 [5.96]
DTP immunization (% children)	86.61	12.38	87.09	10.56	91.09	8.71
Measles immunization (% children)	59.23	9.57	72.67	12.07	86.58	11.19
Elderly (percentage of population over 65 years)	11.58	2.09	13.09	1.93	14.73	1.64
Physician density (per 1,000 population)	1.58	0.32	2.29	0.45	2.87	0.58
Doctor visits (per capita)	4.08	1.19	5.39	2.17	6.2	2.55
GDP per capita (in constant 1995 US dollars)	17,750.94	7,029.03	21,543.59	8,110.65	25,783.31	9,306.90

ISSN: 1471-2458