Table 1 Population characteristics and univariate associations of factors with mean A1C. Project Dulce, 2000–2002 (N = 573)
From: Predictors of glycemic control among patients with Type 2 diabetes: A longitudinal study
Demographic factors | |||
|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | Mean A1C (%) | p value | |
Gender, n (%) | 0.99 | ||
1. Female | 392 (68.7%) | 7.63 | |
2. Male | 179 (31.4%) | 7.63 | |
Age, n (%) | Mean = 55.4 ± 10.1 | < 0.0001 | |
1. < 50 years | 149 (26.0%) | 7.89 | 1 > 2, 3 |
2. 50–65 | 355 (62.0%) | 7.57 | |
3. > 65 | 69 (12.0%) | 7.36 | |
Ethnicity, n (%) | < 0.0001 | ||
1. Hispanic | 304 (53.3%) | 7.84 | 2 > 3, 4 |
2. Black | 39 (6.8%) | 7.96 | 4 < 2 |
3. Asian | 100 (17.5%) | 7.06 | 3 < 1,2, 5 |
4. Other | 11 (1.9%) | 7.46 | |
5. White | 116 (20.4%) | 7.55 | |
Primary Language, n (%) | 0.18 | ||
1. Not English | 302 (52.8%) | 7.58 | |
2. English | 270 (47.2%) | 7.68 | |
Diabetes severity | |||
Diabetes duration, n (%) | Mean = 7.1 ± 7.1 | < 0.0001 | |
1. < 1 year | 122 (21.9%) | 7.04 | 4 > 3 > 2 > 1 |
2. 1 – 5 years | 195 (34.9%) | 7.45 | |
3. 6 – 10 years | 93 (16.7%) | 7.77 | |
4. > 10 years | 148 (26.5%) | 8.19 | |
Medicine, n (%) | < 0.0001 | ||
1. Insulin alone or insulin + oral agents | 177 (30.9%) | 8.32 | 1 > 2 > 3 |
2. > 1 oral agent (no insulin) | 284 (49.6%) | 7.58 | |
3. No medicine or 1 oral agent | 112 (19.5%) | 6.47 | |
Health status | |||
Systolic blood pressure, n (%) | Mean = 125.2 ± 11.9 | 0.33 | |
1. < 130 mm Hg | 404 (70.5%) | 7.65 | |
2. ≥ 130 mm Hg | 169 (29.5%) | 7.57 | |
Diastolic blood pressure, n (%) | Mean = 72.1 ± 6.6 | 0.19 | |
1. < 80 mm Hg | 506 (88.3%) | 7.64 | |
2. ≥ 80 mm Hg | 67 (11.7%) | 7.48 | |
Total cholesterol, n (%) | Mean = 187.6 ± 36.0 | < 0.0001 | |
1. < 200 mg/dl | 386 (68.2%) | 7.45 | |
2. ≥ 200 mg/dl | 180 (31.8%) | 8.03 | |
HDL, n (%) | Mean = 45.3 ± 12.0 | 0.27 | |
1. ≤ 45 mg/dl | 322 (56.6%) | 7.73 | |
2. > 45 mg/dl | 247 (43.4%) | 7.59 | |
Urine Microalbumin / creatinine, n (%) | Mean = 139.9 ± 480.7 | < 0.0001 | |
1. < 30 ug/mg | 356 (63.6%) | 7.40 | 3 > 2 > 1 |
2. 30 – 299 ug/mg | 160 (28.6%) | 7.84 | |
3. ≥ 300 ug/mg | 44 (7.8%) | 8.55 | |
Body Mass Index, n (%) | Mean = 32.5 ± 7.5 | 0.003 | |
1. < 30 kg/m2 | 246 (43.2%) | 7.50 | |
2. ≥ 30 kg/m2 | 323 (56.8%) | 7.72 | |
Access/quality of care | |||
Insurance, n (%) | < 0.0001 | ||
1. Uninsured | 169 (29.5%) | 8.10 | 1 > 2, 3 |
2. County Medical Services | 249 (43.5%) | 7.39 | |
3. Insurance | 155 (27.0%) | 7.50 | |
Number of provider visits, n (%) | Mean = 10.2 ± 4.4 | 0.002 | |
1. 3 – 6 | 118 (20.6%) | 7.72 | 4 > 2, 3 |
2. 7 – 10 | 225 (39.3%) | 7.56 | |
3. 11 – 15 | 166 (29.0%) | 7.51 | |
4. > 15 | 64 (11.1%) | 7.93 | |
Duration in program, n (%) | Mean = 15.7 ± 5.5 | 0.0001 | |
1. 6 – 12 months | 212 (37%) | 7.88 | |
2. > 12 – 24 months | 361 (63%) | 7.53 | |
Seen by nutritionist, n (%) | 0.32 | ||
1. Yes | 475 (82.9%) | 7.61 | |
2. No | 98 (17.1%) | 7.71 | |
Behavioral Factors | |||
Smoking habit, n (%) | 0.29 | ||
1. Current | 63 (12.5%) | 7.58 | |
2. Past | 162 (32.0%) | 7.60 | |
3. Never | 281 (55.5%) | 7.72 | |
Diabetes Classes Attended, n (%) | Mean = 1.5 ± 3.0 | 0.002 | |
1. 0 | 358 (74.3%) | 7.60 | 2 > 1 > 3 |
2. 1–4 | 42 (8.7%) | 7.88 | |
3. 5 + | 82 (17.0%) | 7.31 |