Cardiovascular health knowledge and behavior in patient attendants at four tertiary care hospitals in Pakistan – a cause for concern

Table 5 Factors associated with knowledge of coronary heart disease – univariate and multivariable analysis

	N	Mean Knowledge Score	Unadjusted Coefficient⁸ (95% CI)	p value	Adjusted Coefficient⁸ (95% CI)	p value
Age			0.01 (0.001, 0.03) ^‡	0.035	0.01 (0.002, 0.03) ^‡	0.023
Gender				0.008		0.20
Female	234	3.54	ref		ref
Male	558	3.04	-0.50 (-0.87, -0.13)		-0.22 (-0.56, 0.12)
Marital Status				0.64
Single	202	3.25	ref
Married	590	3.16	-0.09 (-0.48, 0.30)		NA*
Education				<0.001		<0.001
No Formal	215	1.80	ref		ref
Formal Education	577	3.70	1.89 (1.54, 2.25)		1.42 (1.06, 1.77)
Monthly income ^†				<0.001		<0.001
<3000	225	1.88	ref		ref
>3000	567	3.70	1.82 (1.47, 2.17)		0.76 (0.40, 1.13)
Residence				<0.001		<0.001
Rural	335	2.21	ref		ref
Urban	457	3.90	1.69 (1.37, 2.01)		1.06 (0.75, 1.37)
Smoking Status				<0.001		0.09
Non smoker	478	3.47	ref		ref
Smoker	314	2.75	-0.728 (-1.07, -0.39)		-0.27 (-0.57, 0.43)
Family Hx IHD				<0.001		<0.001
No	419	2.68	ref		ref
Yes	373	3.75	1.07 (0.74, 1.40)		0.61 (0.31, 0.91)
PMH – Hypertension				<0.001		0.86
No	674	3.05	ref		ref
Yes	118	3.94	0.89 (0.42, 1.36)		0.04 (-0.41, 0.49)
PMH – Diabetes				<0.001		0.004
No	745	3.08	ref		ref
Yes	47	4.85	1.78 (1.07, 2.48)		0.96 (0.30, 1.61)
PMH – IHD				0.004		0.28
No	750	3.13	ref		ref
Yes	42	4.21	1.09 (0.34, 1.84)		0.37 (-0.31, 1.05)
Hospital
Mayo	241	2.29	ref		ref
AKU	153	3.55	1.25 (0.78, 1.73)	<0.001	0.15 (-0.29, 0.59)	0.50
PIMS	249	3.45	1.16 (0.74, 1.57)	<0.001	0.42 (0.03, 0.81)	0.03
AGH	149	3.81	1.51 (1.03, 1.99)	<0.001	1.20 (0.76, 1.64)	<0.001

⁸coefficient = slope of regression line. Values represent change in knowledge (per unit increase in independent variable or with category change compared to reference category)
CI = confidence interval ‡ for each year increase in age ref = reference category
Hx = history PMH = past medical history IHD = ischemic heart disease
* not in final model † in Rupees (1 Rupee = US$ 0.017)
AKU = Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi. Mayo = Mayo Hospital, Lahore. PIMS = Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad. AGH = Allied General Hospital, Faisalabad.

ISSN: 1471-2458