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Table 4 OST treatment utilisation among opioid-dependent offenders, by Indigenous status and sex, January 1985 – December 2010

From: Offending, custody and opioid substitution therapy treatment utilisation among opioid-dependent people in contact with the criminal justice system: comparison of Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians

 

Males (N = 24,794)

 

Females (N = 10,168)

 

Total (N = 34,962)

 

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

N = 4,615

N = 20,179

N = 2,215

N = 7,953

N = 6,830

N = 28,132

n

%

n

%

n

%

n

%

n

%

n

%

 

(Median)

(Min-Max)

(Median)

(Min-Max)

P

(Median)

(Min-Max)

(Median)

(Min-Max)

P

(Median)

(Min-Max)

(Median)

(Min-Max)

P

First treatment episode

Age at treatment entry (years):

26.4

9.1 (IQR)

27.7

9.7 (IQR)

<0.001

24.3

18.6 (IQR)

25.9

9.5 (IQR)

<0.001

25.7

9.0 (IQR)

27.2

9.7 (IQR)

<0.001

Median IQR (min-max)

14.3-60.6

14.9-73.3

14.8-49.2

14.2-63.9

14.3-60.6

14.2-73.3

OST first received:

    

<0.001

    

0.168

    

<0.001

Methadone

4,004

86.8

16,700

82.8

 

1,909

86.2

6,761

85.0

 

5,913

86.6

23,461

83.4

 

Buprenorphine

611

13.2

3,479

17.2

 

306

13.8

1,192

15.0

 

917

13.4

4,671

16.6

 

Setting:

    

<0.001

    

<0.001

    

<0.001

Community

2,877

62.3

17,403

86.2

 

1,888

85.2

7,585

95.4

 

4,765

69.8

24,988

88.8

 

Prison

1,738

37.7

2,776

13.8

 

327

14.8

368

4.6

 

2,065

30.2

3,144

11.2

 

Year of treatment entry:

    

<0.001

    

<0.001

    

<0.001

1985–1990

353

7.7

3,001

14.9

 

266

12.0

1,342

16.9

 

619

9.1

4,343

15.4

 

1991–1995

587

12.7

3,648

18.1

 

337

15.2

1,453

18.3

 

924

13.5

5,101

18.1

 

1996–2000

1,204

26.1

5,991

29.7

 

645

29.1

2,418

30.4

 

1,849

27.1

8,409

29.9

 

2001–2005

1,212

26.3

4,438

22.0

 

568

25.6

1,690

21.3

 

1,780

26.1

6,128

21.8

 

2006-2010

1,259

27.3

3,101

15.4

 

399

18.0

1,050

13.2

 

1,658

24.3

4,151

14.8

 

Duration of episode (days):

169

560 (IQR)

206

776 (IQR)

<0.001

177

657 (IQR)

288

1,001 (IQR)

<0.001

172

595 (IQR)

227

843 (IQR)

<0.001

Median IQR (min-max)

 

1–9,518

 

1–9,980

  

1–9,752

 

2–9,915

  

1-9752

 

1-9980

 

Number of people in treatment at:

               

3 months

2,466

53.4

11,496

57.0

<0.001

1,216

54.9

5,001

62.9

<0.001

3,682

53.9

16,497

58.6

<0.001

6 months

1,793

38.9

8,807

43.6

<0.001

905

40.9

3,492

49.6

<0.001

2,698

39.5

12,749

45.3

<0.001

9 months

1,378

29.9

7,190

35.6

<0.001

711

32.1

3,253

40.9

<0.001

2,089

30.6

10,443

37.1

<0.001

12 months

1,106

24.0

6,050

30.0

<0.001

584

26.4

2,764

34.8

<0.001

1,690

24.7

8,814

31.3

<0.001

Overall treatment utilisation

Form of OST ever received:

    

<0.001

    

<0.001

    

<0.001

Methadone only

2,881

62.4

12,136

60.1

 

1,348

60.9

5,032

63.3

 

4,229

61.9

17,168

61.0

 

Buprenorphine only

272

5.9

2,034

10.1

 

124

5.6

608

7.6

 

396

5.8

2,642

9.4

 

Methadone and buprenorphine

1,462

31.7

6,009

29.8

 

743

33.5

2,313

29.1

 

2,205

32.3

8,322

29.6

 

Number of OST switches within a treatment episode:

    

<0.001

    

0.001

    

<0.001

0

3,153

68.3

14,170

70.2

 

1,472

66.5

5,640

70.9

 

4,625

67.7

19,810

70.4

 

1–5

1,391

30.1

5,830

28.9

 

717

32.4

2,236

28.1

 

2,108

30.9

8,066

28.7

 

>5

71

1.5

179

0.9

 

26

1.2

77

1.0

 

97

1.4

256

0.9

 

Ever received OST in prison:

    

<0.001

    

<0.001

    

<0.001

No

1,492

32.3

12,470

61.8

 

1,136

51.3

6,314

74.4

 

2,628

38.5

18,784

66.8

 

Yes

3,123

67.7

7,709

38.2

 

1,079

48.7

1,639

20.6

 

4,202

61.5

9,348

33.2

 

Total number of treatment episodes:

2

3 (IQR)

2

3 (IQR)

0.348

3

4 (IQR)

2

3 (IQR)

<0.001

2

3 (IQR)

2

3 (IQR)

<0.001

Median IQR (min-max)

 

1-23

 

1-30

  

1-25

 

1-26

  

1-25

 

1-30

 

Percentage of follow-up time each individual spent in treatment: #

40.5

58.3 (IQR)

43.1

66.6 (IQR)

0.002

57.9

59.5 (IQR)

55.8

66.5 (IQR)

0.885

45.6

60.2 (IQR)

46.5

67.3 (IQR)

0.052

Median IQR (min-max)

0.02-100

0.01-100

0.04-100

0.02-100

0.02-100

0.01-100

  1. #For each individual, the cumulative time spent in treatment as a proportion of the total length of follow-up (start of treatment to 18 May 2012 or death) multiplied by 100.