Table 1 Items and sub-scales in the PALMS

6

Because I perform better than others

Competition/Ego

17

To be best in the group

Competition/Ego

27

To work harder than others

Competition/Ego

29

To compete with others around me

Competition/Ego

39

To be fitter than others

Competition/Ego

11

To define muscle, look better

Appearance

23

To improve body shape

Appearance

32

To improve appearance

Appearance

36

To lose weight, look better

Appearance

40

To maintain trim, toned body

Appearance

1

To earn a living

Others expectations

7

Because I get paid to do it

Others expectations

18

To manage medical condition

Others expectations

21

Because people tell me I need to

Others expectations

26

Because it was prescribed by doctor, physio

Others expectations

4

Because I enjoy spending time with others

Affiliation

8

To do activity with others

Affiliation

20

To do something in common with friends

Affiliation

30

To talk with friends exercising

Affiliation

38

To be with friends

Affiliation

10

Because it helps maintain a healthy body

Physical condition

12

Be physically fit

Physical condition

15

To maintain physical health

Physical condition

28

Because it keeps me healthy

Physical condition

33

To improve cardiovascular fitness

Physical condition

2

Because it helps me relax

Psychological condition

9

To better cope with stress

Psychological condition

14

To get away from pressures

Psychological condition

22

Because it acts as a stress release

Psychological condition

35

To take mind off other things

Psychological condition

5

To get better at an activity

Mastery

16

To improve existing skills

Mastery

19

To do my personal best

Mastery

24

To obtain new skills/activities

Mastery

31

To keep current skill level

Mastery

3

Because it’s interesting

Enjoyment

13

Because it makes me happy

Enjoyment

25

Because it’s fun

Enjoyment

34

Because I enjoy exercising

Enjoyment

37

Because I have a good time

Enjoyment