Nudging children towards whole wheat bread: a field experiment on the influence of fun bread roll shape on breakfast consumption

Table 2 Observed and self-reported number of bread rolls consumed per child and children’s breakfast appraisal in survey (mean, SD)

	Regular shaped whole wheat bread		Fun-shaped whole wheat bread		P-value main effect shape of whole wheat bread	P-value main effect shape of white bread	P-value interaction effect
	Regular shaped white bread	Fun-shaped white bread	Regular shaped white bread	Fun-shaped white bread	P-value main effect shape of whole wheat bread	P-value main effect shape of white bread	P-value interaction effect
Observed consumption (per child)
Total number of bread rolls	3.0 (0.7)	2.6 (0.8)	3.3 (0.9)	2.8 (0.4)	0.20	0.06	0.64
Number of whole wheat bread rolls	0.6 (0.5)	0.3 (0.3)	1.4 (0.6)	0.5 (0.2)	0.001	<0.001	0.02
Number of white bread rolls	2.3 (0.4)	2.3 (0.6)	2.0 (0.7)	2.4 (0.3)	0.26	0.19	0.18
Children’s breakfast appraisal*
I ate more breakfast at school than usually at home	3.7 (1.5)	3.6 (1.5)	3.7 (1.5)	3.6 (1.5)	0.89	0.44	0.84
The bread rolls looked funny	2.2 (1.4)	4.3 (1.0)	4.1 (1.3)	4.5 (0.9)	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
It was enjoyable to choose a bread roll	3.4 (1.3)	3.7 (1.3)	3.6 (1.2)	4.1 (1.0)	<0.001	<0.001	0.76
The breakfast was tasty	4.6 (0.7)	4.3 (1.1)	4.5 (0.9)	4.7 (0.7)	0.04	0.46	<0.001
The bread rolls were tasty	4.6 (0.8)	4.4 (1.0)	4.6 (0.8)	4.5 (0.8)	0.29	0.01	0.14
Children’s self-reported consumption
Total number of bread rolls	3.6 (2.0)	3.3 (2.5)	3.8 (2.6)	3.3 (1.9)	0.81	0.045	0.65
Number of whole wheat bread rolls	1.0 (1.7)	0.4 (0.9)	1.5 (2.0)	0.7 (1.4)	<0.001	<0.001	0.28
Number of white bread rolls	2.3 (2.0)	2.9 (2.4)	2.0 (2.1)	2.4 (1.7)	<0.01	<0.001	0.53

*Note: responses are measured on five-points scales, ranging from 1 (not at all) to 5 (very much).

ISSN: 1471-2458