Table 3 Hierarchical poisson regression for parental guilt and independent variables among preschool children aged three-to-five years
Variable | Parental guilt | Bivariate | Multivariate | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | Unadjusted PR* | Adjusted PR† | |||
n(%) | n(%) | p-value | (95% CI) | p-value | (95% CI) | |
Sex | ||||||
Female | 88(21.9) | 314(78.1) | 1.00 | - | - | |
Male | 102(23.7) | 328(76.3) | 0.530 | 1.084(0.843-1.392) | - | - |
Age | ||||||
3 years | 53(19.4) | 220(80.6) | 1.00 | |||
4 years | 65(19.8) | 263(80.2) | 0.901 | 1.021(0.737-1.413) | - | - |
5 years | 72(31.2) | 159(68.8) | 0.003 | 1.605(1.179-2.186) | - | - |
1st level | ||||||
Type of preschool | ||||||
Private | 79(20.7) | 303(79.3) | 1.00 | - | - | |
Public | 111(24.7) | 339(75.3) | 0.174 | 1.193(0.925-1.538) | - | - |
Mother’s schooling | ||||||
≤ 8 years of study | 98(25.9) | 281(74.1) | 0.065 | 1.265(0.985-1.623) | - | - |
>8 years of study | 92(20.4) | 358(79.6) | 1.00 | - | - | |
Monthly household income | ||||||
≤ 1 minimum salary | 110(25.3) | 325(74.7) | 0.128 | 1.223(0.944-1.586) | - | - |
> 1 minimum salary | 74(20.7) | 284(79.3) | 1.00 | - | - | |
Parent’s/guardian’s age | ||||||
≤ 30 years | 101(24.3) | 315(75.7) | 0.210 | 1.178(0.911-1.524) | - | - |
> 30 years | 82(20.6) | 316(79.4) | 1.00 | - | - | |
2nd level | ||||||
Perception of general health | ||||||
Good | 136(20.2) | 537(79.8) | 1.00 | - | - | |
Poor | 51(32.9) | 104(67.1) | <0.001 | 1.628(1.243-2.134) | - | - |
Perception of oral health | ||||||
Good | 71(12.8) | 485(87.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Poor | 119(43.3) | 156(56.7) | <0.001 | 3.389(2.623-4.377) | <0.001 | 2.010(1.502-2.688) |
3rd level | ||||||
History of toothache | ||||||
No | 72(12.7) | 497(87.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 118(44.9) | 145(55.1) | <0.001 | 3.546(2.750-4.571) | <0.001 | 2.344(1.755-3.130) |
Dental caries | ||||||
Absent | 28(10.0) | 251(90.0) | 1.00 | - | - | |
Present | 162(29.3) | 391(70.7) | <0.001 | 2.919(2.007-4.245) | - | - |
Cavitated lesions | ||||||
Absent/white spots | 48(11.0) | 389(89.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Cavitated anterior teeth | 12(20.7) | 46(79.3) | 0.030 | 1.884(1.065-3.331) | 0.302 | 1.342(0.767-2.348) |
Cavitated posterior teeth | 63(35.6) | 114(64.4) | <0.001 | 3.240(2.324-4.518) | <0.001 | 2.002(1.388-2.887) |
Cavitated anterior and posterior teeth | 67(41.9) | 93(58.1) | <0.001 | 3.812(2.759-5.268) | 0.002 | 1.814(1.247-2.639) |
TDI | ||||||
Absent | 126(23.0) | 422(77.0) | 0.882 | 1.020(0.783-1.329) | - | - |
Present | 64(22.5) | 220(77.5) | 1.00 | - | - | |
Type of TDI | ||||||
Tooth discoloration | 32(33.7) | 63(66.3) | 0.005 | 1.567(1.142-2.151) | 0.002 | 1.540(1.169-2.028) |
Avulsion/luxation | 4(36.4) | 7(63.6) | 0.195 | 1.692(0.764-3.746) | 0.016 | 2.029(1.141-3.610) |
Enamel + dentin fracture | 7(16.7) | 35(83.3) | 0.471 | 0.776(0.388-1.548) | 0.543 | 0.780(0.351-1.735) |
Enamel fracture or no trauma | 147(21.5) | 537(78.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||