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Table 3 Risk factors associated with antibodies a against Toxoplasma gondii among participants ≥6 years old by country of birth; NHANES 1999–2004, 2009-10 b

From: Drinking water source and human Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States: a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES data

Variable

US-born

Foreign-born

 

N

IgG positivec

Unadjusted ORd

Adjusted ORd

N

IgG positivec

Unadjusted ORd

Adjusted ORd

  

n (%)

(95% CI)

(95% CI)

 

n (%)

(95% CI)

(95% CI)

Survey year

        

 1999-2000

4010

320 (9.7)

Ref

Ref

1078

282 (32.3)

Ref

Ref

 2001-2002

4699

276 (7.4)

0.7 (0.5-1.1)

0.7 (0.5-1.1)

1052

251 (21.8)

0.6 (0.4-0.9) e

0.6 (0.4-0.9)

 2003-2004

4248

231 (7.9)

0.8 (0.5-1.2)

0.8 (0.5-1.2)

872

203 (28.0)

0.8 (0.5-1.3)

0.8 (0.6-1.1)

 2009-2010

5401

574 (10.3)

1.1 (0.8-1.4)

0.6 (0.4-0.7)

1664

505 (27.6)

0.8 (0.6-1.2)

0.7 (0.5-0.9)

Age

        

 Continuous (years)

18358

1401 (8.9)

1.03 (1.03-1.04)

1.04 (1.03-1.04)

4666

1241 (27.5)

1.02 (1.01-1.02)

1.03 (1.02-1.04)

Gender

        

 Female

9481

652 (8.2)

Ref

Ref

2307

588 (26.7)

Ref

Ref

 Male

8877

749 (9.6)

1.2 (1.002-1.4)

1.2 (1.05-1.5)

2359

653 (28.2)

1.1 (0.9-1.3)

1.1 (0.9-1.4)

Race/Ethnicity

        

 Non-Hispanic White

8131

756 (9.2)

Ref

Ref

415

98 (22.8)

Ref

Ref

 Non-Hispanic Black

5104

419 (10.0)

1.1 (0.9-1.4)

1.2 (0.9-1.5)

430

147 (38.3)

2.1 (1.4-3.1)

1.9 (1.3-2.9)

 Mexican American

3773

140 (3.8)

0.4 (0.3-0.5)

0.5 (0.4-0.7)

2666

609 (23.9)

1.1 (0.8-1.4)

0.9 (0.7-1.2)

 Other Hispanic

727

37 (4.3)

0.4 (0.3-0.8)

0.5 (0.3-0.98)

760

329 (44.1)

2.7 (2.0-3.6)

2.3 (1.7-3.0)

 Other, incl. multiracial

623

49 (10.8)

1.2 (0.8-1.8)

1.5 (1.0-2.3)

395

59 (15.4)

0.6 (0.4-0.9)

0.5 (0.4-0.8)

Household food securityf

        

 Full food security

12523

942 (8.7)

Ref

Ref

2581

651 (25.0)

Ref

Ref

 Marginally secure or insecure

5246

414 (9.3)

1.1 (0.9-1.3)

1.3 (1.01-1.6)

1962

559 (33.1)

1.5 (1.2-1.8)

1.2 (1.0-1.5)

Renting vs. owning home

        

 Owned/being bought

10861

877 (9.3)

Ref

--

1956

459 (23.7)

Ref

Ref

 Rented/other arrangement

7332

498 (8.0)

0.9 (0.7-1.0)

--

2666

769 (30.7)

1.4 (1.2-1.7)

1.3 (1.1-1.6)

Smoking statusf,g

        

 Non-smoker

14427

933 (7.7)

Ref

Ref

4005

1044 (27.3)

Ref

--

 Light smoker/2nd hand exposure

1082

105 (9.3)

1.2 (0.9-1.6)

1.2 (0.9-1.6)

305

89 (29.4)

1.1 (0.8-1.6)

--

 Smoker

2717

351 (12.9)

1.8 (1.5-2.1)

1.3 (1.1-1.6)

329

96 (26.7)

1.0 (0.7-1.4)

--

Water sourcef

        

 Home-treatedh water company

3267

194 (6.9)

Ref

Ref

861

226 (26.2)

Ref

Ref

 Home-untreated water company

12608

922 (8.7)

1.3 (1.05-1.6)

1.2 (1.01-1.5)

3476

933 (28.3)

1.1 (0.9-1.4)

1.0 (0.7-1.3)

 Home-treated well water

990

131 (12.4)

1.9 (1.4-2.6)

1.6 (1.2-2.1)

66

12 (19.4)

0.7 (0.3-1.8)

0.5 (0.2-1.0)

 Home-untreated well water

1016

119 (12.0)

1.8 (1.3-2.7)

1.7 (1.1-2.4)

91

24 (19.8)

0.7 (0.4-1.3)

0.8 (0.4-1.4)

General health conditionf

        

 Excellent

5456

293 (6.8)

Ref

Ref

885

184 (21.8)

Ref

Ref

 Very good

5372

365 (8.0)

1.2 (1.0-1.5)

1.0 (0.8-1.3)

932

223 (24.2)

1.2 (0.9-1.5)

1.1 (0.8-1.5)

 Good

5360

450 (9.8)

1.5 (1.2-1.9)

1.1 (0.9-1.4)

1728

470 (28.5)

1.4 (1.1-1.8)

1.2 (0.9-1.6)

 Fair/poor

2164

292 (14.9)

2.4 (1.9-3.0)

1.5 (1.1-1.9)

1116

363 (36.1)

2.0 (1.6-2.6)

1.6 (1.2-2.2)

Took treatment for anemia in past 3 mosf

        

 No

17859

1334 (8.7)

Ref

--

4533

1192 (27.3)

Ref

Ref

 Yes

493

65 (14.8)

1.8 (1.3-2.6)

--

131

48 (40.4)

1.8 (1.1-3.1)

1.8 (1.1-3.0)

Blood eosinophils number (1000 cells/uL)f

        

 Normal (<0.35)

15960

1239 (8.9)

Ref

--

4061

1040 (26.4)

Ref

Ref

 Above normal (≥0.35)

2441

158 (8.6)

1.0 (0.8-1.2)

--

573

192 (35.1)

1.5 (1.2-1.9)

1.5 (1.2-1.8)

Percentage of lifetime lived in USf

        

 ≥0.76

--

--

--

--

1147

206 (18.3)

Ref

Ref

 0.61-0.75

--

--

--

--

1044

295 (29.7)

1.9 (1.4-2.5)

1.9 (1.4-2.5)

 0.41-0.60

--

--

--

--

1149

337 (29.5)

1.9 (1.4-2.4)

2.2 (1.6-2.8)

 ≤0.40

--

--

--

--

1175

364 (32.5)

2.2 (1.7-2.7)

2.5 (1.9-3.4)

  1. aFor Continuous NHANES 1999–2004: IgG ≥10 IU = positive; IgG <10 IU = negative. For Continuous NHANES 2009–2010: IgG ≥33 IU/mL = positive; IgG <33 IU/mL = negative. b T. gondii serology performed only among participants ages 6–49 for Continuous NHANES 1999–2004 data. cAll prevalence estimates were weighted. dWald Chi-square logistic regression used. eBolded font denotes statistically significant data (P < 0.05). fCovariate has some missing data. gBased on serum cotinine level (ng/mL); nonsmoker <10, light smoker/second-hand exposure 10–99, smoker ≥100. hTypes of home water treatment devices included: Brita® or other pitcher water filter, ceramic or charcoal filter, water softener, aerator, reverse osmosis.
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