Table 3 Benchmark doses of urinary and blood cadmium for renal markers calculated using the hybrid approach in all subjects and subjects without nephrolithiasis
| Â | Men | Â | Women | Â |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Renal effect markersa | Estimated cut-off valueb | BMDL (BMD) | Estimated cut-off valueb | BMDL (BMD) |
Urinary Cd (μg/g Creat) |  |  |  |  |
All subjects | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 β2-MG (μg/g Creat) | 2004 | 6.9 (11.3) | 1815 | 8.1 (12.9) |
 NAG (IU/g Creat) | 9.4 | 4.4 ( 5.8) | 11.2 | 6.1 ( 8.4) |
Subjects without nephrolithiasis | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 β2-MG (μg/g Creat) | 1853 | 6.9 (11.7) | 1767 | 8.2 (13.2) |
 NAG (IU/g Creat) | 9.2 | 4.2 ( 5.6) | 11.1 | 6.0 ( 8.3) |
Blood Cd (μg/L) |  |  |  |  |
All subjects | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 β2-MG (μg/g Creat) | 1694 | 6.2 (10.2) | 1664 | 5.9 ( 9.1) |
 NAG (IU/g Creat) | 9.8 | 5.0 ( 7.4) | 11.6 | 5.8 ( 8.7) |
Subjects without nephrolithiasis | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 β2-MG (μg/g Creat) | 1947 | 6.4 (11.3) | 1803 | 5.8 (9.0) |
 NAG (IU/g Creat) | 10.4 | 5.4 (8.4) | 12.1 | 5.5 (8.3) |