Smoking, physical activity and healthy aging in India

BMC Public Health

Table 2 Relationships between socio-demographic characteristics and health behaviors and health outcomes among older people in India

	Poor health n = 1672
	Adjusted odds ratio
Punjab (urban)	0.417 (0.200–0.868)^*
Punjab (rural)	0.414 (0.239–0.719)^**
Rajasthan (urban)	0.433 (0.197–0.949)^*
Rajasthan (rural)	0.498 (0.290–0.855)^**
Kerala (urban)	0.938 (0.543–1.622)
Karnataka (urban)	0.107 (0.037–0.310)^***
Karnataka (rural)	0.279 (0.151–0.514)^***
Tribe	0.505 (0.199–1.279)
No caste or tribe	0.393 (0.129–1.197)
Gender (female)	1.257 (0.855–1.848)
Age	1.059 (1.043–1.074)^**
Marital status (single)	1.727 (1.181–2.527)^***
Educational level (low)	1.307 (0.861–1.984)
Smoking (yes)	1.610 (1.048–2.474)^*
Physical inactivity^† (vigorous)	2.437 (1.508–3.937)^***
Physical inactivity (moderate)	1.219 (0.820–1.811)
Model χ ²	224.006^***
−2 log likelihood	1081.840
Nagelkerke R ²	0.231

^†Physical inactivity was defined as engagement in activities once a week or less often. ^* p ≤ 0.05, ^** p ≤ 0.01, ^*** p ≤ 0.001. Reference groups for region and caste/tribe affiliation were Kerala (rural) and caste, respectively (largest groups).

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