The likelihood of khat chewing serving as a neglected and reverse ‘gateway’ to tobacco use among UK adult male khat chewers: a cross sectional study

Table 2 Mann Whitney U test results of factors associated with pattern of tobacco smoking among STKU ^d

Variable	N	^eM ± SD, Mdn	Mean rank	Sum of ranks	P-value	Effect size
SDS-khat
^aGroup 1	24	3.25 ± 3.67, 2.00	15.90	381.50	0.001	0.53
^bGroup 2	18	8.17 ± 3.68, 8.00	28.97	521.50	0.001	0.53
DSM-IV
Group 1	24	0.83 ± 1.37,0.00	17.77	426.50	0.015	0.35
Group 2	18	2.22 ± 2.18, 2.00	26.47	476.50	0.015	0.35
^c Amount of khat chewed during typical khat session
Group 1	24	1.44 ± 0.90, 1.00	16.56	397.50	0.002	0.48
Group 2	18	2.39 ± 1.01, 2.50	28.08	505.50	0.002	0.48
^c Number of cigarettes smoked when chewing
Group 1	15	13.00 ± 5.59,14.00	14.20	213.00	0.856^e	0.032
Group 2	13	17.46 ± 13.85,10.00	14.85	193.00	0.856^e	0.032
^c Khat chewing session hours last
Group 1	24	6.30 ± 1.66,6.00	23.19	556.50	0.270	0.17
Group 2	18	5.78 ± 2.29,6.00	19.25	346.50	0.270	0.17
Age starting chewing khat
Group 1	24	20.00 ± 5.87,20.00	23.25	558.00	0.282	0.17
Group 2	18	18.06 ± 4.86,19.00	19.17	345.00	0.282	0.17

^aGroup 1 = 1-2 days per week tobacco smoking when only chewing khat; ^bGroup 2 = 3 and more days per week tobacco smoking when only chewing khat; ^cTime frame last 12 months; ^dSTKU = simultaneous tobacco and khat users; ^eM ± SD, Mdn = mean/standard deviation, median; ^ea combination of cigarette and waterpipe tobacco smoker chewers considered for 1 participant from Group1 and 2 participants from Group 2, no differences observed in number of cigarette smoked amongst both groups when excluded WPTS and cigarette smoker chewers (p= 0.467).

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