Table 5 Health professionals, theories and cultural adaptation of interventions

1

Boden-Albala 2010 [44]

• Two health educators

• Social cognitive theory

• Bilingual materials with translation by community health worker

• 1 physician or nurse

• Motivational interviewing

• Visuals integrating community places

• Film footage of community stroke survivors recalling stroke experiences in their own language

• Integration and instructions for current community resources

• Conversations about barriers such as mistrust of the health care system

• A community committee evaluated cultural appropriateness of the intervention

• Involvement of local stroke support group

2

Chan 2008 [45]

• African American actors instructed by Stroke Association

• None

• Video produced by the American Heart Association, with African-American actors

3

Covington 2010 [46]

• Trained college students acting as health champions

• Social cognitive theory

• Generic mention that the presentations were "culturally sensitive".

• Stages of change

4

Dromerick 2011 [47]

• Lay community health workers

• Theory of reasoned action

• Usage of American Heart Association’s tailored educational materials

• theory of planned behaviour

• Provision of tailored health education

• motivational interviewing

5

Duraski 2006 [49]; Duraski 2003 [48]

• Research nurse

• None

• Presentation developed for the Hispanic culture

• Emphasis on risk factors affecting the Hispanic community

• Information was not literally translated to Spanish".

• Verbal/written educational materials in Spanish about stroke warning signs/symptoms

• Focus groups with communities to ensure appropriateness of presentation

6

Duraski 2007 [50]

• Research nurse

• None

• Option to have focus groups in Spanish or English

• Culturally sensitive information, not simply translated from English to Spanish

7

Frank 2008 [51]

Nurse researchers

• None

• No

• Nursing students

8

Kalenderian 2009 [53]

Trained ambassadors

• None

• No

9

Kleindorfer 2008 [54]

•

• None

• No

10

Miller 2003 [55]

• Neuroscience nurses

• Stages of change

• No

• Motivational interviewing

11

Morgenstern 2007 [56]; Gonzales 2007 [52]; Mullen Conley 2010 [59]

• Educator

• Social cognitive theory

• Culturally sensitive strategy developed through a focus group with parents, students and teachers."

• Stroke neurologist

• Data manager

• Aspects of Mexican-American culture included inclusion of Mexican American health professionals in design

• Science/health teachers

• KIDS project health professionals

• Focus groups with local students, parents and teachers;.bilingual materials

12

Villablanca 2009 [57]

• Site leaders

• Stages of change

• Culturally appropriate health education curriculum and materials

• Cardiologists

• Endocrinologists

• Nurses

• Dietitians

• Physical exercise and other health professionals"

13

Williams 2008 [58]

• Two stroke education professionals

• None

• Rap and hip-hop

• 2 community health professionals

14

Williams 2012 [59]

• Children administered the intervention

• Theory of reasoned action

• Rap and hip-hop (songs and dance)

• Social cognitive theory (self-efficacy)

15

Williamson 2009 [60]

• Nurses

• None

• No

• Nursing students