Concerned significant others of people with gambling problems in Finland: a cross-sectional population study

BMC Public Health

Table 2 Associations of the correlates among both male and female CSOs and non-CSOs

			Males			Females
Variables		All respondents	CSOs	Non-CSOs	Significance	CSOs	Non-CSOs	Significance
Variables		%	(n = 399)	(n = 1616)	Significance	(n = 377)	(n = 1638)	Significance
			%	%		%	%
Sociodemographic characteristics
Age					Chi = 5.036, df =5, p = 0.411			Chi = 4.537, df =5, p = 0.475
	15-17 years	4.0	3.5	4.1		3.5	4.2
	18-24 years	12.3	13.8	12.4		12.2	11.8
	25-34 years	16.9	18.5	17.0		18.4	16.1
	35-49 years	25.7	25.8	26.1		25.5	25.3
	50-64	28.6	29.6	28.0		30.1	28.7
	≥65	12.5	8.8	12.4		10.4	14.0
Education ≤12 years		41.3	47.4	48.3	p = 0.737	35.5	34.1	p = 0.631
Married or registered relationship		48.3	42.9	48.3	p = 0.057	42.7	50.9	p = 0.004
Gambling related correlates
Any past-year gambling involvement		77.9	84.0	82.7	p = 0.603	77.2	72.0	p = 0.040
Number of game types, past-year					Chi = 8.589, df =2, p = 0.014			Chi = 14.345, df =2, p ≤ 0.001
	0-2 game types	67.0	51.7	59.3		69.6	78.4
	3-4 game types	22.1	26.5	24.3		24.1	18.3
	≥ 5 game types	10.9	21.8	16.4		6.4	3.3
Past-year gambling problems¹					Chi = 23.762, df =2, p ≤ 0.001			Chi = 16.329, df =2, p ≤ 0.001
	No gambling	22.1	16.0	17.3		22.8	28.0
	No problems (SOGS = 0-2)	75.2	75.3	79.4		74.3	71.2
	Problem gambler (SOGS ≥ 3)	2.7	8.8	3.2		2.9	0.7
Onset age for gambling less than 18 years		56.1	74.8	67.7	p = 0.007	51.0	40.5	p ≤ 0.001
Perceived health and well-being
Bad general health²		3.0	5.0	2.9	p = 0.040	2.9	2.6	p = 0.721
Mental health problem³		3.3	5.9	2.7	p = 0.004	6.0	2.6	p = 0.003
Loneliness⁴		18.2	21.5	15.9	p = 0.009	23.9	18.4	p = 0.017
Smoking daily		17.8	24.6	20.2	p = 0.064	23.3	12.5	p ≤ 0.001
Risky alcohol consumption⁵		26.1	46.4	31.1	p ≤ 0.001	21.7	17.0	p = 0.053

¹SOGS, the South Oaks Gambling Screen [23, 24]²Bad or somewhat bad general health; ³MHI-5, the Mental Health Inventory, scaled 1–100, clinically significant problem ≤ 52; ⁴feeling sometimes, often or all the time lonely, ⁵The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C), score for risk consumption ≥ 5 among women and ≥ 6 among men; Significance (p) is determined by chi-squared (>2 groups) and Fisher’s exact tests (2 groups); the data (N = 4484; males n = 2117, females n = 2367) were weighted based on gender, age and residency.

ISSN: 1471-2458