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Table 3 Differences by time a in food intakes according to gender estimated using mean polish process b

From: Descriptive epidemiological study of food intake among Japanese adults: analyses by age, time and birth cohort model

  

Men

Women

Time (year)

 

1989

1999

2009

1989

1999

2009

Ricec

(g/ 4,186 kJ/day)

0.0

-4.7

2.1

0.0

-9.9

-7.2

Wheat

(g/ 4,186 kJ/day)

0.0

-9.9

0.6

0.0

-1.1

9.5

Potatoes

(g/ 4,186 kJ/day)

0.0

12.7

9.1

0.0

8.0

1.2

Green yellow vegetables

(g/ 4,186 kJ/day)

0.0

15.0

12.4

0.0

3.3

6.4

Other vegetables

(g/ 4,186 kJ/day)

0.0

19.7

13.8

0.0

-1.3

-8.3

Fruits

(g/ 4,186 kJ/day)

0.0

4.7

0.0

0.0

-15.5

-20.8

Milk, Dairy products

(g/ 4,186 kJ/day)

0.0

-10.5

-16.2

0.0

-1.3

-8.3

Meat

(g/ 4,186 kJ/day)

0.0

9.4

17.6

0.0

7.4

14.0

Fish

(g/ 4,186 kJ/day)

0.0

8.2

-3.7

0.0

5.1

-5.9

Egg

(g/ 4,186 kJ/day)

0.0

0.9

-1.7

0.0

-1.6

-2.9

Beans

(g/ 4,186 kJ/day)

0.0

2.5

-6.2

0.0

4.3

-2.5

Confectionery

(g/ 4,186 kJ/day)

0.0

0.9

2.2

0.0

1.8

3.2

Sugar

(g/ 4,186 kJ/day)

0.0

-0.3

-1.8

0.0

-1.1

-2.5

Fats and Oils

(g/ 4,186 kJ/day)

0.0

-1.2

-3.6

0.0

-0.7

-3.6

  1. Difference by time in food intakes according to gender are shown using National Health and Nutrition Survey in Japan, 1989, 1999 and 2009.
  2. aMinus symbol "-" means negative values. Positive values indicate greater consumption in the particular period compared to 1989 in all age groups.
  3. bA statistical model symbolically represented by: Rij = ai + tj + c(k) [23] where Rij (food intake) is modeled by the sum of the effects of the ith age group (i = 1 to 5, representing age groups from 20-29 to 60-69) represented by ai, the effects of the jth time period (1989 or 1999 or 2009 survey) represented by tj, and the effects of the kth cohort (birth at 1930-1939, 1940-1949, 1950-1959, 1960-1969, 1970-1979) represented by c(k). A c(k) value greater than zero indicates higher than additive influence and less than zero indicates lower than additive influence from age/time effects on food intake.
  4. c Rice intake presented for 2009 was calculated as the half of that reported in 2009 NHNS-J.