Overdose rescues by trained and untrained participants and change in opioid use among substance-using participants in overdose education and naloxone distribution programs: a retrospective cohort study

Table 3 Change in substance use among overdose education and naloxone distribution program participants between first and second enrollment- number of days and substances used, past 30 days

N = 325	Increased	Decreased	No change	p-value*
Heroin	115 (35%)	122 (38%)	88 (27%)	0.52
Methadone	84 (26%)	70 (22%)	171 (52%)	0.72
Buprenorphine	73 (22%)	66 (20%)	186 (58%)	0.31
Other opioids	59 (18%)	62 (19%)	205 (63%)	0.51
Cocaine	83 (26%)	96 (30%)	146 (44%)	0.41
Alcohol	69 (21%)	70 (22%)	186 (57%)	0.86
Benzo/Barbiturate	99 (30%)	74 (23%)	152 (47%)	0.004
Number of substances** used	131 (40%)	125 (38%)	69 (21%)	0.65

*Wilcoxon signed rank test which compares the median difference between two repeated measures among the repeat enrollers.
**Participants were asked about use of heroin, methadone, buprenorphine, other opioids, cocaine, alcohol, benzodiazepine/barbiturate and methamphetamine.