Table 3 Incidence rate ratios (95% CI) predicting depression with social relationships, Swiss health survey, 2007
Social relationship predictors individually | Adjusted for other social relationship variables | Further adjusted for sociodemographics | Loneliness omitted | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Major depression | Depressive symptoms | Major depression | Depressive symptoms | Major depression | Depressive symptoms | Major depression | Depressive symptoms | |
Loneliness | ||||||||
Never | Referent | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Sometimes | 3.40 (2.58, 4.48) | 1.66 (1.58, 1.73) | 2.94 (2.13, 4.05) | 1.56 (1.49, 1.64) | 2.68 (1.95, 3.68) | 1.55 (1.48, 1.63) | - | - |
Quite or very often | 16.4 (12.4, 21.7) | 3.12 (2.87, 3.38) | 11.0 (7.28, 16.5) | 2.58 (2.34, 2.85) | 9.97 (6.84, 14.5) | 2.39 (2.18, 2.63) | - | - |
Confidant | 0.44 (0.30, 0.65) | 0.69 (0.64, 0.74) | 0.82 (0.53, 1.27) | 0.86 (0.79, 0.93) | 0.75 (0.48, 1.18) | 0.90 (0.82, 0.98) | 0.59 (0.38, 0.92) | 0.86 (0.79, 0.94) |
Unmet support | 2.74 (2.15, 3.51) | 1.56 (1.49, 1.64) | 1.41 (1.04, 1.90) | 1.27 (1.20, 1.34) | 1.40 (1.04, 1.88) | 1.28 (1.21, 1.35) | 2.11 (1.63, 2.73) | 1.47 (1.39, 1.54) |
Tangible support | 0.38 (0.28, 0.53) | 0.64 (0.60, 0.69) | 0.77 (0.53, 1.11) | 0.83 (0.77, 0.89) | 0.76 (0.52, 1.12) | 0.83 (0.77, 0.90) | 0.58 (0.40, 0.84) | 0.78 (0.72, 0.84) |
Social contact | ||||||||
0-9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
10-12 | 0.65 (0.45, 0.94) | 0.82 (0.76, 0.89) | 0.87 (0.59, 1.29) | 0.91 (0.84, 0.98) | 0.87 (0.58, 1.29) | 0.92 (0.85, 0.99) | 0.78 (0.54, 1.13) | 0.90 (0.83, 0.98) |
13-14 | 0.53 (0.37, 0.77) | 0.77 (0.72, 0.83) | 0.75 (0.50, 1.12) | 0.88 (0.81, 0.95) | 0.74 (0.48, 1.12) | 0.90 (0.83, 0.97) | 0.66 (0.44, 0.97) | 0.87 (0.80, 0.95) |
15-16 | 0.38 (0.25, 0.58) | 0.70 (0.64, 0.75) | 0.56 (0.35, 0.90) | 0.81 (0.74, 0.88) | 0.56 (0.34, 0.91) | 0.83 (0.76, 0.91) | 0.50 (0.31, 0.80) | 0.81 (0.74, 0.89) |
17-21 | 0.49 (0.30, 0.78) | 0.69 (0.63, 0.75) | 0.77 (0.47, 1.27) | 0.81 (0.74, 0.88) | 0.76 (0.45, 1.28) | 0.81 (0.74, 0.89) | 0.65 (0.39, 1.08) | 0.78 (0.71, 0.86) |
Married/cohabiting | 0.56 (0.45, 0.71) | 0.89 (0.85, 0.93) | 0.80 (0.63, 1.02) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.05) | 0.75 (0.59, 0.95) | 0.97 (0.92, 1.01) | 0.56 (0.45, 0.71) | 0.87 (0.82, 0.91) |
Sociodemographics | ||||||||
Age | ||||||||
18-24 | Referent | - | - | - | ||||
25-34 | 0.91 (0.54, 1.55) | 1.03 (0.93, 1.15) | 1.07 (0.63, 1.81) | 1.07 (0.97, 1.20) | ||||
35-44 | 1.13 (0.67, 1.91) | 1.04 (0.95, 1.15) | 1.25 (0.74, 2.11) | 1.08 (0.97, 1.19) | ||||
45-54 | 1.07 (0.62, 1.84) | 1.08 (0.97, 1.20) | 1.17 (0.68, 2.02) | 1.10 (0.98, 1.23) | ||||
55-64 | 0.76 (0.44, 1.31) | 1.11 (1.00, 1.24) | 0.83 (0.48, 1.43) | 1.12 (1.01, 1.25) | ||||
65+ | 0.32 (0.18, 0.60) | 1.21 (1.09, 1.33) | 0.31 (0.16. 0.58) | 1.16 (1.05, 1.29) | ||||
Male gender | 0.84 (0.66, 1.07) | 0.91 (0.87, 0.95) | 0.75 (0.58, 0.97) | 0.88 (0.84, 0.92) | ||||
Education | ||||||||
Mandatory | Referent | - | - | - | ||||
Secondary | 0.83 (0.59, 1.18) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.05) | 0.73 (0.51, 1.04) | 0.93 (0.86, 1.01) | ||||
High school | 0.77 (0.45, 1.32) | 0.93 (0.83, 1.03) | 0.64 (0.37, 1.10) | 0.89 (0.79, 0.99) | ||||
University | 0.86 (0.57, 1.30) | 0.87 (0.79, 0.96) | 0.73 (0.48, 1.12) | 0.83 (0.75, 0.91) | ||||
Regional language | ||||||||
German | Referent | - | - | - | ||||
French | 0.99 (0.78, 1.27) | 1.32 (1.26, 1.39) | 1.09 (0.85, 1.40) | 1.35 (1.28, 1.41) | ||||
Italian | 0.98 (0.66, 1.45) | 1.22 (1.12, 1.33) | 1.10 (0.73, 1.65) | 1.26 (1.15, 1.37) | ||||
Nationality | ||||||||
Swiss | Referent | - | - | - | ||||
Italian | 1.28 (0.75, 2.21) | 1.25 (1.05, 1.49) | 1.45 (0.80, 2.62) | 1.28 (1.07, 1.52) | ||||
Other | 1.09 (0.75, 1.58) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.09) | 1.05 (0.73, 1.52) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.09) | ||||