| |
Social relationship predictors individually
|
Adjusted for other social relationship variables
|
Further adjusted for sociodemographics
|
Loneliness omitted
|
|---|
| |
Major depression
|
Depressive symptoms
|
Major depression
|
Depressive symptoms
|
Major depression
|
Depressive symptoms
|
Major depression
|
Depressive symptoms
|
|---|
|
Loneliness
| | | | | | | | |
|
Never
|
Referent
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
Sometimes
|
3.40 (2.58, 4.48)
|
1.66 (1.58, 1.73)
|
2.94 (2.13, 4.05)
|
1.56 (1.49, 1.64)
|
2.68 (1.95, 3.68)
|
1.55 (1.48, 1.63)
|
-
|
-
|
|
Quite or very often
|
16.4 (12.4, 21.7)
|
3.12 (2.87, 3.38)
|
11.0 (7.28, 16.5)
|
2.58 (2.34, 2.85)
|
9.97 (6.84, 14.5)
|
2.39 (2.18, 2.63)
|
-
|
-
|
|
Confidant
|
0.44 (0.30, 0.65)
|
0.69 (0.64, 0.74)
|
0.82 (0.53, 1.27)
|
0.86 (0.79, 0.93)
|
0.75 (0.48, 1.18)
|
0.90 (0.82, 0.98)
|
0.59 (0.38, 0.92)
|
0.86 (0.79, 0.94)
|
|
Unmet support
|
2.74 (2.15, 3.51)
|
1.56 (1.49, 1.64)
|
1.41 (1.04, 1.90)
|
1.27 (1.20, 1.34)
|
1.40 (1.04, 1.88)
|
1.28 (1.21, 1.35)
|
2.11 (1.63, 2.73)
|
1.47 (1.39, 1.54)
|
|
Tangible support
|
0.38 (0.28, 0.53)
|
0.64 (0.60, 0.69)
|
0.77 (0.53, 1.11)
|
0.83 (0.77, 0.89)
|
0.76 (0.52, 1.12)
|
0.83 (0.77, 0.90)
|
0.58 (0.40, 0.84)
|
0.78 (0.72, 0.84)
|
|
Social contact
| | | | | | | | |
|
0-9
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
10-12
|
0.65 (0.45, 0.94)
|
0.82 (0.76, 0.89)
|
0.87 (0.59, 1.29)
|
0.91 (0.84, 0.98)
|
0.87 (0.58, 1.29)
|
0.92 (0.85, 0.99)
|
0.78 (0.54, 1.13)
|
0.90 (0.83, 0.98)
|
|
13-14
|
0.53 (0.37, 0.77)
|
0.77 (0.72, 0.83)
|
0.75 (0.50, 1.12)
|
0.88 (0.81, 0.95)
|
0.74 (0.48, 1.12)
|
0.90 (0.83, 0.97)
|
0.66 (0.44, 0.97)
|
0.87 (0.80, 0.95)
|
|
15-16
|
0.38 (0.25, 0.58)
|
0.70 (0.64, 0.75)
|
0.56 (0.35, 0.90)
|
0.81 (0.74, 0.88)
|
0.56 (0.34, 0.91)
|
0.83 (0.76, 0.91)
|
0.50 (0.31, 0.80)
|
0.81 (0.74, 0.89)
|
|
17-21
|
0.49 (0.30, 0.78)
|
0.69 (0.63, 0.75)
|
0.77 (0.47, 1.27)
|
0.81 (0.74, 0.88)
|
0.76 (0.45, 1.28)
|
0.81 (0.74, 0.89)
|
0.65 (0.39, 1.08)
|
0.78 (0.71, 0.86)
|
|
Married/cohabiting
|
0.56 (0.45, 0.71)
|
0.89 (0.85, 0.93)
|
0.80 (0.63, 1.02)
|
1.01 (0.96, 1.05)
|
0.75 (0.59, 0.95)
|
0.97 (0.92, 1.01)
|
0.56 (0.45, 0.71)
|
0.87 (0.82, 0.91)
|
|
Sociodemographics
| | | | | | | |
|
Age
| | | | | | | | |
|
18-24
| | | | |
Referent
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
25-34
| | | | |
0.91 (0.54, 1.55)
|
1.03 (0.93, 1.15)
|
1.07 (0.63, 1.81)
|
1.07 (0.97, 1.20)
|
|
35-44
| | | | |
1.13 (0.67, 1.91)
|
1.04 (0.95, 1.15)
|
1.25 (0.74, 2.11)
|
1.08 (0.97, 1.19)
|
|
45-54
| | | | |
1.07 (0.62, 1.84)
|
1.08 (0.97, 1.20)
|
1.17 (0.68, 2.02)
|
1.10 (0.98, 1.23)
|
|
55-64
| | | | |
0.76 (0.44, 1.31)
|
1.11 (1.00, 1.24)
|
0.83 (0.48, 1.43)
|
1.12 (1.01, 1.25)
|
|
65+
| | | | |
0.32 (0.18, 0.60)
|
1.21 (1.09, 1.33)
|
0.31 (0.16. 0.58)
|
1.16 (1.05, 1.29)
|
|
Male gender
| | | | |
0.84 (0.66, 1.07)
|
0.91 (0.87, 0.95)
|
0.75 (0.58, 0.97)
|
0.88 (0.84, 0.92)
|
|
Education
| | | | | | | | |
|
Mandatory
| | | | |
Referent
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
Secondary
| | | | |
0.83 (0.59, 1.18)
|
0.97 (0.89, 1.05)
|
0.73 (0.51, 1.04)
|
0.93 (0.86, 1.01)
|
|
High school
| | | | |
0.77 (0.45, 1.32)
|
0.93 (0.83, 1.03)
|
0.64 (0.37, 1.10)
|
0.89 (0.79, 0.99)
|
|
University
| | | | |
0.86 (0.57, 1.30)
|
0.87 (0.79, 0.96)
|
0.73 (0.48, 1.12)
|
0.83 (0.75, 0.91)
|
|
Regional language
| | | | | | | | |
|
German
| | | | |
Referent
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
French
| | | | |
0.99 (0.78, 1.27)
|
1.32 (1.26, 1.39)
|
1.09 (0.85, 1.40)
|
1.35 (1.28, 1.41)
|
|
Italian
| | | | |
0.98 (0.66, 1.45)
|
1.22 (1.12, 1.33)
|
1.10 (0.73, 1.65)
|
1.26 (1.15, 1.37)
|
|
Nationality
| | | | | | | | |
|
Swiss
| | | | |
Referent
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
Italian
| | | | |
1.28 (0.75, 2.21)
|
1.25 (1.05, 1.49)
|
1.45 (0.80, 2.62)
|
1.28 (1.07, 1.52)
|
|
Other
| | | | |
1.09 (0.75, 1.58)
|
1.01 (0.94, 1.09)
|
1.05 (0.73, 1.52)
|
1.01 (0.93, 1.09)
|
- Twelve-month major depression was assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) short form [38]. Depressive symptoms experienced over the last two weeks were assessed with the Depression Screening Questionnaire [39]. Incidence rate ratios for major depressive disorder were estimated using Poisson regression with robust standard errors [44]. Incidence rate ratios for depressive symptoms were estimated using negative binomial regression. Confidence intervals (CI) that do not include 1.0 are statistically significant at p < = 0.05 and are in bold. Confidant and tangible support variables have three levels but have been scaled to 0, 0.5, 1.0 in order to increase comparability with binary predictors. CI = confidence interval.
