|
Northern America
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
Ahern [28]
|
2011
|
USA
|
CS
|
3,128
| |
x
| | | |
Restaurants and grocery stores
|
O
|
S
|
x
| | |
County
|
|
Black [29]
|
2009
|
USA
|
LG
|
48,506
|
x
|
x
| | |
x
|
Stores, facilities, crime
|
O
|
S
|
x
| | |
Census nbh
|
|
Black [30]
|
2010
|
USA
|
CS
|
9,916
|
x
|
x
| | | |
Food avail, opportunities & barriers to PA
|
O
|
S
|
x
| |
x
|
Census nbh
|
|
Block [31]
|
2011
|
USA
|
LG
|
3,113
| |
x
| | | |
Proximity to food establishments
|
O
|
M
|
x
|
x
| |
Census nbh
|
|
Bodea [32]
|
2009
|
USA
|
CS
|
6,893
|
x
| | |
x
| |
Street connectivity, residential density
|
O
|
S
|
x
| | |
1 km buffer
|
|
Bodor [33]
|
2010
|
USA
|
CS
|
3,925
|
x
| | | | |
Food environment
|
O
|
S
|
x
|
x
| |
2 km buffer
|
|
Brown [34]
|
2009
|
USA
|
CS
|
5,000
|
x
| |
x
|
x
| |
Walkable land use, destinations
|
O
|
S
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
Census block group
|
|
Brown [35]
|
2013
|
USA
|
CS
|
3.528
|
x
| | | | |
Walkability, bikeability
|
O
|
M
|
x
| | |
Census block group
|
|
Casagrande [36]
|
2011
|
USA
|
CS
|
3,493
|
x
| | | | |
Walkability
|
O
|
M
| |
x
| |
Census nbh
|
|
Chen [37]
|
2012
|
USA
|
CS
|
3,550
| |
x
| | | |
Food outlets
|
O
|
S
|
x
|
x
| |
0.5 mile buffer
|
|
Doyle [38]
|
2006
|
USA
|
CS
|
9,252
|
x
| | | |
x
|
Walkability, crime
|
O
|
M
|
x
| | |
County
|
|
Drewnowski [39]
|
2012
|
USA
|
CS
|
1,682
| |
x
| | | |
Proximity and price of supermarkets
|
O
|
S
| | |
x
|
1 mile distance to supermarket
|
|
Eid [40]
|
2008
|
USA
|
CS
|
5,500
| | | |
x
| |
Urban sprawl
|
O
|
S
| |
x
| |
2 mile radius disc
|
|
Ewing [41]
|
2003
|
USA
|
CS
|
206,992
| | | |
x
| |
Urban sprawl
|
O
|
S
|
x
| | |
County
|
|
Frank [42]
|
2004
|
USA
|
CS
|
10,878
|
x
| | |
x
| |
Land use mix
|
O
|
S
|
x
| | |
Block group/square kilometer
|
|
Frank [43]
|
2008
|
USA
|
CS
|
13,065
| | | |
x
| |
Residential density,, street connectivity, land use mix
|
O
|
S
|
x
| | |
1 km distance
|
|
Frank [44]
|
2007
|
USA
|
CS
|
2,056
|
x
| | | | |
Walkability
|
O
|
S
|
x
| | |
Road polygons traveling 1 km from house
|
|
Frank [45]
|
2007
|
USA
|
CS
|
1,228
|
x
| | | | |
Walkability
|
O
|
S
|
x
| | |
1 km network buffer
|
|
Frank [46]
|
2009
|
USA
|
CS
| | |
x
| | | |
Food outlet visits, walkability
|
O
|
S
|
x
|
x
| |
1 km
|
|
Gibson [47]
|
2011
|
USA
|
LG
|
8,100
| |
x
| | | |
Food environment
|
O
|
S
|
x
| | |
ZIP code area
|
|
Gregson [48]
|
2011
|
USA
|
CS
|
14,205
| |
x
| |
x
| |
Sprawl and restaurant types
|
O
|
S
|
x
| |
x
|
County
|
|
Hattori [49]
|
2013
|
USA
|
CS
|
97,678
| |
x
| | | |
nbh food outlets
|
O
|
S
| |
x
| |
1 mile Euclidian distance
|
|
Hoehner [50]
|
2011
|
USA
|
CS
|
17,000
|
x
| | | | |
Walkability
|
O
|
M
|
x
| | |
Block group
|
|
Hutchinson [51]
|
2012
|
USA
|
CS
|
1,243
| |
x
| | | |
Availability of healthy & unhealthy foods
|
O
|
S
|
x
|
x
| |
Census tract
|
|
Inagami [52]
|
2009
|
USA
|
CS
|
2,156
| |
x
| | | |
Fast food & restaurant concentration
|
O
|
S
|
x
| | |
Census tract
|
|
James [53]
|
2012
|
USA
|
CS
|
68,000
| | | |
x
| |
County sprawl index
|
O
|
S
|
x
| | |
County
|
|
Jeffery [54]
|
2006
|
USA
|
CS
|
1,033
| |
x
| | | |
Proximity of (fastfood) restaurants
|
O
|
S
| |
x
| |
0.5 miles, 1 miles and 2 miles from home and work adresses
|
|
Jilcott [55]
|
2010
|
USA
|
CS
|
9,800
| |
x
| | | |
Food retail gap
|
O
|
S
|
x
| | |
County
|
|
Keegan [56]
|
2012
|
USA
|
CS
|
133,000
| | | |
x
|
x
|
Population & housing density, commuting characteristics
|
O
|
S
| |
x
| |
Census nbh
|
|
Lesser [57]
|
2013
|
USA
|
CS
|
2,589
| |
x
| | | |
Outdoor food advertising
|
O
|
S
|
x
| | |
Census tract
|
|
Lopez [58]
|
2004
|
USA
|
CS
|
104,084
| | | |
x
| |
Urban sprawl
|
O
|
S
|
x
| | |
Tracts of approx 4000 people
|
|
Lopez [59]
|
2007
|
USA
|
CS
|
15,358
|
x
|
x
| |
x
|
x
|
Various
|
O
|
S
|
x
|
x
| |
ZCTA
|
|
Lovasi [60]
|
2009
|
USA
|
CS
|
13,102
|
x
| | | | |
Walkability
|
O
|
M
|
x
| | |
1 km buffer
|
|
Lovasi [61]
|
2012
|
USA
|
CS
|
13,102
|
x
| |
x
| |
x
|
Walkability, aesthetics, safety
|
O
|
M
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
1 km buffer
|
|
McDonald [62]
|
2012
|
USA
|
CS
|
690
|
x
| | | | |
Walkability
|
O
|
M
| |
x
| |
Census block group
|
|
Mehta [63]
|
2008
|
USA
|
CS
|
714,054
| |
x
| | | |
Restaurant mix
|
O
|
S
|
x
| | |
County
|
|
Mobley [64]
|
2006
|
USA
|
CS
|
2,692
|
x
|
x
| |
x
|
x
|
Fitness facilities, food establish-ments, crime
|
O
| |
x
|
x
| |
ZIP code areas
|
|
Morland [65]
|
2006
|
USA
|
CS
|
10,763
| |
x
| | | |
Food stores
|
O
| |
x
| | |
Census tract
|
|
Oka [66]
|
2012
|
USA
|
CS
|
5,485
|
x
|
x
|
x
| | |
Various
|
O
|
M
| |
x
| |
Census tract
|
|
Plantinga [67]
|
2007
|
USA
|
LG
|
4,700
| | | |
x
| |
Sprawl
|
O
|
S
|
x
| | |
County
|
|
Plantinga [68]
|
2007
|
USA
|
CS
|
3,607
| | | |
x
| |
Sprawl
|
O
|
S
| |
x
| |
County
|
|
Rundle [69]
|
2007
|
USA
|
CS
|
13,102
|
x
| |
x
|
x
| |
Land use, bus stop density, pop density, intersection density
|
O
|
M
|
x
|
x
| |
Census tract area
|
|
Rundle [70]
|
2008
|
USA
|
CS
|
13,102
|
x
|
x
| | | |
Density of BMI-healthy food outlets and walkability
|
O
|
M
|
x
|
x
| |
805 meter network buffer
|
|
Rundle [71]
|
2009
|
USA
|
CS
|
13,102
|
x
|
x
| | | |
Food environment and walkability
|
O
|
M
|
x
|
x
| |
Half-mile radius circular buffers
|
|
Rundle [72]
|
2013
|
USA
|
CS
|
13,102
|
x
| | | | |
Park characteristics
|
O
|
M
|
x
|
x
| |
Half-mile radius circular buffers
|
|
Sallis [73]
|
2009
|
USA
|
CS
|
2,199
|
x
| | | | |
Walkability
|
O
|
S
|
x
| | |
Block groups
|
|
Samimi [74]
|
2009
|
USA
|
CS
|
300,000
| | |
x
|
x
| |
Transport, land use, built environment
|
O
|
S
|
x
| | |
Census tract
|
|
Scott [75]
|
2009
|
USA
|
CS
|
1,750
|
x
| | |
x
|
x
|
Safety, des- tina- tions, social fac- tors
|
O
|
S
|
x
|
x
| |
Urban census tract
|
|
Smith [76]
|
2008
|
USA
|
CS
|
453,927
|
x
| | | | |
Walkability
|
O
|
S
|
x
|
x
| |
Census block group
|
|
Smith [77]
|
2011
|
USA
|
CS
|
100,000
|
x
| | | | |
Walkability
|
O
|
S
|
x
|
x
| |
Census block group
|
|
Wang [78]
|
2007
|
USA
|
CS
|
7,595
| |
x
| | | |
Proximity & density of fastfood restaurants & food retail
|
O
|
S
|
x
|
x
| |
Combination of census tracks and block groups
|
|
West [79]
|
2012
|
USA
|
CS
|
99,534
|
x
| | | | |
Park(land) area
|
O
|
S
|
x
| | |
metropolitan statistical area
|
|
Yamada [80]
|
2011
|
USA
|
CS
|
4,960
| | | |
x
| |
mixed land use
|
O
|
S
|
x
| | |
Block group, tract, 1 km buffer
|
|
Zhao [81]
|
2010
|
USA
|
LG
| | | | |
x
| |
Urban sprawl
|
O
|
S
|
x
| | |
Census metropolitan areas/county level
|
|
Zick [82]
|
2009
|
USA
|
CS
|
453,927
|
x
|
x
| | | |
Food and PA opportunities
|
O
|
S
|
x
|
x
| |
Block groups
|
|
Zick [83]
|
2013
|
USA
|
CS
|
35,685
|
x
| | | | |
Walkability
|
O
|
S
|
x
| | |
Census block
|
|
Bai [84]
|
2013
|
USA
|
CS
|
893
|
x
| | | | |
Park quality
|
P
|
S
|
x
|
x
| |
Census block within 0.5 miles of park
|
|
Catlin [85]
|
2003
|
USA
|
CS
|
2,821
|
x
|
x
| | | |
Community perceptions, community infrastructure, PA facilities
|
P
|
S
|
x
|
x
| |
Community
|
|
Mujahid [86]
|
2008
|
USA
|
CS
|
2,865
|
x
|
x
| | |
x
|
Neighborhood conditions
|
P
|
M
|
x
|
x
| |
Census tract
|
|
Powell-Wiley [87]
|
2013
|
USA
|
CS
|
5,907
|
x
|
x
| | |
x
|
nbh violence, physical environment, social cohesion
|
P
|
M
|
x
|
x
| |
Neighborhood
|
|
Wilson [88]
|
2007
|
USA
|
CS
|
1,111
|
x
| | | |
x
|
opportunities for PA and pleasant neighbourhoods
|
P
|
S
|
x
|
x
| |
Neighborhood and community
|
|
Tilt [89]
|
2007
|
USA
|
CS
|
529
|
x
| | | | |
greenness, accessibility
|
O&P
|
S
|
x
|
x
| |
0.4 mile distance
|
|
Boehmer [90]
|
2007
|
USA
|
CS
|
1,032
|
x
| |
x
|
x
|
x
|
Facilities land use, transportation, aesthetics
|
O&P
|
S
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
400 m radius
|
|
Rutt [91]
|
2005
|
USA
|
CS
|
996
|
x
| | |
x
|
x
|
Various
|
O&P
|
S
| |
x
| |
1/4 mile radius and 2.5 mile radius
|
|
Pendola [92]
|
2007
|
USA
|
CS
|
670
| | | |
x
|
x
|
Population density, sense of community
|
O&P
|
S
| |
x
| |
Census tract
|
|
Joshu [93]
|
2008
|
USA
|
CS
|
1,818
| | | |
x
| |
Sprawl, urbanization
|
O&P
|
S
|
x
| | |
FIPS code
|
|
Berry [94]
|
2010
|
Canada
|
CS & LG
|
572 and 1,164
|
x
| | | | |
Ease of walking and proximity to outdoor recreation
|
O
|
S
| |
x
| |
Census nbh
|
|
Spence [95]
|
2009
|
Canada
|
CS
|
2,900
| |
x
| | | |
RFEI (retail food environment index)
|
O
|
S
|
x
|
x
| |
800 m and 1600 m
|
|
Pouliou [96]
|
2010
|
Canada
|
CS
|
115,548
|
x
|
x
| |
x
| |
Built environment
|
O
|
S
|
x
| | |
Subprovincial scale
|
|
Prince [97]
|
2012
|
Canada
|
CS
|
6,564
|
x
|
x
| | |
x
|
Recreation, social, food environment
|
O
|
S
|
x
|
x
| |
Neighborhoods based on natural barriers?
|
|
Prince [98]
|
2011
|
Canada
|
CS
|
5,025
|
x
|
x
| | |
x
|
Recreation, social, food environment
|
O
|
S
|
x
|
x
| |
Neighborhoods based on natural barriers?
|
|
Ross [99]
|
2007
|
Canada
|
CS
|
33,000
| | | |
x
|
x
|
Dwelling density, sprawl, immigration
|
O
|
S
|
x
|
x
| |
Census tract area
|
|
Kestens [100]
|
2012
|
Canada
|
CS
|
5,578
| |
x
| | | |
Food environment
|
O
|
S
|
x
|
x
| |
Census nbh
|
|
Berry [101]
|
2010
|
Canada
|
CS & LG
|
500
|
x
| | | | |
Perceptions of neighbourhood
|
O&P
|
S
| |
x
| |
Census nbh
|
|
Australasia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
Garden [102]
|
2008
|
Australia
|
CS
|
7,290
| | | |
x
| |
Urban sprawl
|
O
|
S
|
x
| | |
Local government area
|
|
Pearce [103]
|
2009
|
New Zealand
|
CS
|
12,529
| |
x
| | | |
distance to fastfood outlet
|
O
|
M
| |
x
|
x
|
meshblock neighbourhoods
|
|
Richardson [104]
|
2013
|
New Zealand
|
CS
|
8,157
|
x
| | | | |
Urban green space
|
O
|
M
| |
x
| |
Census area unit
|
|
Christian [105]
|
2011
|
Australia
|
CS
|
1,151
|
x
|
x
| | | |
Built & social environment
|
O&P
|
S
|
x
|
x
| |
1.6 km road network service area
|
|
Gebel [106]
|
2011
|
Australia
|
LG
|
1,027
|
x
| | |
x
| |
Walkability, dwelling density, land use mix
|
O&P
|
S
|
x
|
x
| |
Census collector district
|
|
Giles-Corti [107]
|
2003
|
Australia
|
CS
|
1,803
|
x
| | | | |
Physical environment
|
O&P
|
S
|
x
| | |
Collector districts
|
|
Europe
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
Ball [108]
|
2012
|
UK
|
CS
|
1,062
|
x
| | | | |
Street connectivity
|
O
|
S
| | |
x
|
Datazone
|
|
Van Dyck [109]
|
2010
|
Belgium
|
CS
|
1,200
|
x
| | | | |
Walkability
|
O
|
S
| |
x
| |
Statistical sectors
|
|
Santana [110]
|
2009
|
Portugal
|
CS
|
7,669
|
x
|
x
| |
x
|
x
|
Environmental disadvantages & opportunities
|
O
|
S
|
x
|
x
| |
Neighbourhood?
|
|
Ellaway [111]
|
2005
|
Europe
|
CS
|
6,919
|
x
| | | |
x
|
Graffiti, greenery
|
O
|
S
|
x
| | |
immediate residential environment
|
|
Macdonald [112]
|
2011
|
UK
|
CS
|
991
| |
x
| | | |
Distance to food stores
|
O
|
S
| |
x
|
x
|
500 and 1000 meter
|
|
Leal [113]
|
2012
|
France
|
CS
|
7,230
| | | |
x
|
x
|
Sociodemographic factors, physical factors, service-related, social-interactional environment
|
O
|
M
|
x
|
x
| |
500 m radius/TRIRIS geographic unit
|
|
Burgoine [114]
|
2011
|
UK
|
CS
|
893
| |
x
| |
x
| |
Residential density, street connectivity, land use mix
|
O
|
S
|
x
|
x
| |
LSOA/MSOA
|
|
Coombes [115]
|
2010
|
UK
|
CS
|
6,821
|
x
| | | | |
Green space
|
O
|
S
|
x
| | |
Not applicable (distance)/800 meter
|
|
Cummins [116]
|
2012
|
UK
|
CS
|
79,136
|
x
| | | | |
Percentage greenspace
|
O
|
S
| |
x
|
x
|
MSOA
|
|
Poortinga [117]
|
2006
|
UK
|
CS
|
14,836
| | | |
x
|
x
|
Friendliness, trust, social capital, access
|
P
|
M
|
x
|
x
| |
Postcode sectors
|
|
Toftager [118]
|
2011
|
Denmark
|
CS
|
21,832
|
x
| | | | |
Distance to green space
|
P
|
S
|
x
| | |
Not applicable (distance)
|
|
Nielsen [119]
|
2007
|
Denmark
|
CS
|
2,000
|
x
| | | | |
Perceptions of distance to garden/green area
|
P
|
S
|
x
| | |
Not applicable (distance)
|
