Ethnic disparities in acquiring 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza: a case–control study

Navaranjan, Debeka; Rosella, Laura C; Kwong, Jeffrey C; Campitelli, Michael; Crowcroft, Natasha

doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-214

BMC Public Health

Table 1 Characteristics of the adult and pediatric study population by case status

From: Ethnic disparities in acquiring 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza: a case–control study

			Adults				Children
		Total study population		Tested negative		Tested positive		Total study population		Tested negative		Tested positive
		(N = 402)		(N = 229)		(N = 173)		(N = 352)		(N = 112)		(N = 240)
Variable	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
Ethnicity*
White	266	66.2	164	71.6	102	59.0	166	47.2	70	62.5	96	40.0
East/Southeast Asian	42	10.5	23	10.0	19	11.0	47	13.4	11	9.8	36	15.0
South Asian	32	8.0	11	4.8	21	12.1	47	13.4	14	12.5	33	13.8
Black	19	4.7	5	2.2	14	8.1	35	9.9	5	4.5	30	12.5
Other	35	8.7	20	8.7	15	8.7	49	13.9	10	8.9	39	16.3
Age
<5	N/A		N/A		N/A		94	26.7	45	40.2	49	20.4
5-11	N/A		N/A		N/A		135	38.4	31	27.7	104	43.3
12-17	N/A		N/A		N/A		123	34.9	36	32.1	87	36.3
18-34	150	37.3	79	34.5	71	41.0	N/A		N/A		N/A
35-49	124	30.9	71	31.0	53	30.6	N/A		N/A		N/A
50-64	95	23.6	58	25.3	37	21.4	N/A		N/A		N/A
65+	33	8.2	21	9.2	12	6.9	N/A		N/A		N/A
Gender (female)	241	60.0	139	60.7	102	59.0	246	69.9	80	71.4	166	69.2
BMI class
Normal weight (18.5 ≤ BMI <25)	187	46.5	111	48.5	76	43.9	115	32.7	38	33.9	77	32.1
Overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30)	114	28.4	62	27.1	52	30.1	32	9.1	8	7.1	24	10.0
Obese (BMI ≥ 30)	72	17.9	38	16.6	34	19.7
Current smoker	110	27.4	70	30.6	40	23.1	4	1.14	2	1.79	2	0.83
Missing	N/A		N/A		N/A		214	60.8	74	66.07	410	58.3
Number of family doctor visits in the past year
<1	73	18.2	45	19.7	28	16.2	78	22.2	20	17.9	58	24.2
2 to 6	257	63.9	152	66.4	105	60.7	200	56.8	68	60.7	132	55.0
>6	72	17.9	32	14.0	40	23.1	74	21.0	24	21.4	50	20.8
Underlying medical conditions ^†	86	21.4	42	18.3	44	25.4	56	15.9	20	17.9	36	15.0
Material deprivation ^‡
1 (low)	95	23.6	63	27.5	32	18.5	71	20.2	26	23.2	45	18.8
2	87	21.6	46	20.1	41	23.7	74	21.0	26	23.2	48	20.0
3	65	16.2	37	16.2	28	16.2	67	19.0	23	20.5	44	18.3
4	58	14.4	28	12.2	30	17.3	70	19.9	19	17.0	51	21.3
5 (high)	73	18.2	45	19.7	28	16.2	56	15.9	18	16.1	38	15.8
Social deprivation ^‡
1 (low)	84	20.9	47	20.5	37	21.4	105	29.4	37	33.0	68	28.3
2	69	17.2	35	15.3	34	19.7	73	20.7	23	20.5	50	20.8
3	74	18.4	44	19.2	30	17.3	60	17.1	20	17.9	40	16.7
4	84	20.9	51	22.3	33	19.1	58	16.5	19	17.0	39	16.3
5 (high)	67	16.7	42	18.3	25	14.5	42	11.9	13	11.6	29	12.1
Total deprivation category ^‡
1 (low)	71	17.7	38	16.6	33	19.1	77	21.9	30	26.8	47	19.6
2	257	63.9	153	66.8	104	60.1	219	62.2	72	64.3	147	61.3
3 (high)	50	12.4	28	12.2	22	12.7	42	11.9	10	8.9	32	13.3
Individuals living in a neighbourhood with low employment rate ^§	88	21.9	53	23.1	35	20.2	57	16.2	15	13.4	42	17.5
Individuals residing in a neighbourhood with high proportion of low income ^§	100	24.9	56	24.5	44	25.4	74	21.0	13	11.6	61	25.4
High school or less education	58	14.4	35	15.3	23	13.3	53	15.1	16	14.3	37	15.4
Post-secondary education completed	261	64.9	153	66.8	108	62.4	250	71.0	77	68.8	173	72.1
Household density (median) ^ǁ		1.0		1.0		1.0		1.3		1.2		1.3
Children in household
0	231	57.5	144	62.9	87	50.3	N/A		N/A		N/A
1	170	42.3	84	36.7	86	49.7	247	70.2	79	70.5	168	70.0
2	N/A		N/A		N/A		79	22.4	25	22.3	54	22.5
3	N/A		N/A		N/A		24	6.8	7	6.3	17	7.1
Receipt of 2008 seasonal vaccine	156	38.8	83	36.2	73	42.2	108	30.7	25	22.3	83	34.6
Tested before June 11th, 2009	315	78.4	17	7.4	103	59.5	251	71.3	112	100.0	139	57.9
Healthcare provider ^¶	48	11.9	23	10.0	25	14.5	N/A		N/A		N/A
Resides in Toronto	121	30.1	84	36.7	37	21.4	78	22.2	24	21.4	54	22.5
Immigrant category
Non-Immigrant	251	62.4	148	64.6	103	59.5	316	89.8	106	94.6	210	87.5
Immigrant	N/A		N/A		N/A		36	10.2	6	5.4	30	12.5
Immigrant, settled for 0–5 years	24	6.0	9	3.9	15	8.7	N/A		N/A		N/A
Immigrant, settled for >5	121	30.1	67	29.3	54	31.2	N/A		N/A		N/A
Hospitalized	64	15.9	0	0	64	37.0	79	22.4	0	0	79	32.9

*This was based on the question “People in Canada come from many different ethnic and racial backgrounds. I would like you to identify which ethnicity best describes you. You may choose more than one category.” The ethnic groupings were based on the categories similar to Statistics Canada definitions.
^†Underlying medical conditions for adults was having at least one of the following: diabetes, cancer, heart disease, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), immune disorder, liver disease, kidney or renal disease, splenectomy, sickle cell anemia, seizure disorder, leukemia, cystic fibrosis, or cerebral palsy. In children, underlying medical conditions was having either asthma or immune disorder.
^‡Material Deprivation was based on employment to population ratio, average income and proportion without high school diploma. Social deprivation was based on proportion of persons living alone; proportion separated, divorced or widowed; and proportion of single-parent families. Quintiles of material and social deprivation were created based on dissemination areas in Ontario, with a score of 1 representing low deprivation and 5 indicating high deprivation. The material and social deprivation were combined to form a total deprivation score, which was categorized as high, middle or low deprivation.
^§Low employment rate and High Proportion of Low Income are based on individuals residing in a dissemination area in Ontario. Individuals living in a neighbourhood in the bottom quintile of all dissemination areas for low employment/with high proportion of low income, based on our study population, were classified as being in the low employment rate/high proportion of low income categories.
^ǁCalculated as the number of people in the household divided by the number of sleeping rooms in the household.
^¶Healthcare provider is defined as a doctor, nurse or another healthcare professional.
N/A = Not applicable.

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ISSN: 1471-2458

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