Table 1 ECC pattern according to newborn characteristics, feeding practices, oral hygiene habits, and access to dental services
Variable or practice | ECC | S-ECC | dmft Mean ± SD | dt Mean ± SD | dmfs Mean ± SD | ds Mean ± SD | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | |||||
Social demographics and newborn characteristics | ||||||||||
Age, months | ||||||||||
36-47 | 161 | 31.2 | 14 | 8.7 | 2 | 1.2 | 0.17 ± 0.78 | 0.17 ± 0.78 | 0.30 ± 1.65 | 0.25 ± 1.6 |
48-59 | 196 | 38.1 | 37 | 18.9 | 6 | 3.1 | 0.49 ± 1.38 | 0.45 ± 1.29 | 0.96 ± 3.09 | 0.86 ± 2.98 |
60-71 | 158 | 30.7 | 47 | 29.8 | 6 | 3.8 | 0.89 ± 1.78 | 0.86 ± 1.77 | 1.71 ± 3.81 | 1.68 ± 3.81 |
χ 2 for trend = 22.89; p < 0.001 | Fisher’s exact p = 0.324 | F = 10.99 p < 0.001 | F = 10.86 p < 0.001 | F = 8.78 p < 0.001 | F = 9.40 p < 0.001 | |||||
Gender | ||||||||||
Male | 262 | 50.9 | 54 | 20.6 | 8 | 3.1 | 0.58 ± 1.51 | 0.54 ± 1.46 | 1.12 ± 3.24 | 1.03 ± 3.18 |
Female | 253 | 49.1 | 44 | 17.4 | 6 | 2.4 | 0.44 ± 1.27 | 0.43 ± 1.25 | 0.85 ± 2.82 | 0.81 ± 2.78 |
χ 2 = 0.87; p = 0.352 | χ 2 = 0.23; p = 0.634 | t-test = -1.15; p = 0.251 | t-test = -0.923; p = 0.355 | t-test = -1; p = 0.317 | t-test = -0.85; p = 0.395 | |||||
Father’s age, years | ||||||||||
≤35 | 177 | 35.1 | 36 | 20.3 | 5 | 2.8 | 0.6 ± 1.57 | 0.6 ± 1.57 | 1.24 ± 3.72 | 1.2 ± 3.71 |
36-40 | 160 | 31.7 | 31 | 19.4 | 7 | 4.4 | 0.52 ± 1.37 | 0.44 ± 1.25 | 1.04 ± 2.88 | 0.86 ± 2.72 |
41-45 | 125 | 24.7 | 23 | 18.4 | 2 | 1.6 | 0.46 ± 1.35 | 0.46 ± 1.35 | 0.78 ± 2.63 | 0.78 ± 2.63 |
≥46 | 43 | 8.5 | 8 | 18.6 | 0 | - | 0.37 ± 0.95 | 0.37 ± 0.95 | 0.56 ± 1.58 | 0.56 ± 1.58 |
χ 2 for trend = 0.18; p = 0.676 | Fisher’s exact p = 0.446 | F = 0.45; p = 0.714 | F = 0.6; p = 0.618 | F = 0.87; p = 0.458 | F = 0.81; p = 0.486 | |||||
Mother’s age, years | ||||||||||
≤30 | 105 | 20.7 | 32 | 30.5 | 9 | 8.6 | 1.02 ± 2.12 | 0.91 ± 2.02 | 1.91 ± 4.91 | 1.81 ± 4.86 |
31-35 | 166 | 32.7 | 24 | 14.5 | 1 | 0.6 | 0.3 ± 0.86 | 0.3 ± 0.86 | 0.71 ± 2.07 | 0.61 ± 1.95 |
36-40 | 171 | 33.6 | 31 | 18.1 | 4 | 2.3 | 0.49 ± 1.39 | 0.49 ± 1.39 | 0.91 ± 2.73 | 0.87 ± 2.7 |
≥41 | 66 | 13 | 10 | 15.2 | 0 | - | 0.32 ± 0.88 | 0.32 ± 0.88 | 0.5 ± 1.52 | 0.5 ± 1.52 |
χ 2 for trend = 4.94; p = 0.026 | Fisher’s exact p = 0.001 | F = 6.43; p = 0.0003 | F = 4.87; p = 0.002 | F = 4.35; p = 0.005 | F = 4.16; p = 0.006 | |||||
Child order | ||||||||||
First | 123 | 30.9 | 19 | 15.5 | 4 | 3.3 | 0.46 ± 1.45 | 0.41 ± 1.36 | 0.96 ± 3.48 | 0.88 ± 3.44 |
Second | 213 | 51 | 47 | 23.2 | 5 | 2.5 | 0.56 ± 1.4 | 0.54 ± 1.38 | 1.08 ± 3.05 | 0.99 ± 2.96 |
Third or more | 72 | 18.1 | 12 | 16.7 | 3 | 4.2 | 0.58 ± 1.55 | 0.58 ± 1.55 | 1.07 ± 2.74 | 1.01 ± 2.72 |
χ 2 for trend = 0.3; p = 0.583 | Fisher’s exact p = 0.683 | F = 0.25; p = 0.78 | F = 0.47; p = 0.627 | F = 0.06; p = 0.939 | F = 0.07; p = 0.935 | |||||
Father’s education level | ||||||||||
None/elementary school | 16 | 3.2 | 6 | 37.5 | 1 | 6.3 | 1.19 ± 2.2 | 1.19 ± 2.2 | 2.25 ± 5 | 2.25 ± 5 |
Junior high school | 183 | 36.6 | 45 | 24.6 | 8 | 4.4 | 0.68 ± 1.6 | 0.66 ± 1.59 | 1.28 ± 3.2 | 1.2 ± 3.15 |
High school | 246 | 49.2 | 32 | 13 | 4 | 1.6 | 0.35 ± 1.18 | 0.32 ± 1.09 | 0.74 ± 2.83 | 0.67 ± 2.75 |
University | 55 | 11 | 13 | 23.6 | 0 | - | 0.42 ± 0.9 | 0.42 ± 0.9 | 0.58 ± 1.4 | 0.58 ± 1.4 |
χ 2 for trend = 4.52; p = 0.03 | Fisher’s exact p = 0.112 | F = 3.45; p = 0.016 | F = 3.87; p = 0.009 | F = 2.50; p = 0.059 | F = 2.53; p = 0.056 | |||||
Mother’s education level | ||||||||||
None/elementary school | 16 | 3.2 | 5 | 31.3 | 1 | 6.3 | 0.69 ± 1.74 | 0.69 ± 1.74 | 1.19 ± 3.71 | 1.19 ± 3.71 |
Junior high school | 141 | 27.8 | 37 | 26.2 | 8 | 5.7 | 0.83 ± 1.82 | 0.82 ± 1.81 | 1.58 ± 3.77 | 1.5 ± 3.72 |
High school | 268 | 53 | 39 | 14.6 | 4 | 1.5 | 0.36 ± 1.14 | 0.33 ± 1.07 | 0.69 ± 2.56 | 0.61 ± 2.49 |
University | 81 | 16 | 15 | 18.5 | 0 | - | 0.36 ± 0.88 | 0.35 ± 0.88 | 0.73 ± 2.07 | 0.72 ± 2.08 |
χ 2 for trend = 5.10; p = 0.024 | Fisher’s exact p = 0.019 | F = 4.11; p = 0.007 | F = 4.65; p = 0.003 | F = 3.08; p = 0.027 | F = 3.09; p = 0.027 | |||||
Maternal age at delivery, years | ||||||||||
≤25 | 105 | 20.8 | 33 | 31.4 | 9 | 8.6 | 1.06 ± 2.12 | 0.95 ± 2.03 | 2.05 ± 4.9 | 1.92 ± 4.86 |
26-30 | 179 | 35.4 | 31 | 17.3 | 2 | 1.1 | 0.35 ± 0.95 | 0.35 ± 0.95 | 0.75 ± 2.2 | 0.67 ± 2.11 |
31-35 | 158 | 31.3 | 23 | 16.5 | 3 | 1.9 | 0.47 ± 1.38 | 0.47 ± 1.38 | 0.85 ± 2.68 | 0.82 ± 2.65 |
≥36 | 63 | 12.5 | 8 | 12.7 | 0 | - | 0.24 ± 0.73 | 0.24 ± 0.73 | 0.37 ± 1.21 | 0.37 ± 1.21 |
χ 2 for trend = 9.36; p = 0.002 | Fisher’s exact p = 0.003 | F = 7.1; p < 0.001 | F = 5.48; p = 0.001 | F = 5.64; p = 0.001 | F = 5.18; p = 0.002 | |||||
Infant feeding practices | ||||||||||
History and duration of breastfeeding, months | ||||||||||
No | 95 | 19.5 | 15 | 15.8 | 1 | 1.1 | 0.38 ± 1.08 | 0.38 ± 1.08 | 0.69 ± 2.1 | 0.69 ± 2.1 |
≤ 4 | 150 | 30.8 | 28 | 18.7 | 6 | 4 | 0.59 ± 1.68 | 0.56 ± 1.67 | 1.25 ± 4.05 | 1.19 ± 4.03 |
5-10 | 115 | 23.6 | 14 | 12.2 | 0 | - | 0.22 ± 0.62 | 0.22 ± 0.62 | 0.37 ± 1.03 | 0.31 ± 0.96 |
11-19 | 62 | 12.7 | 13 | 20.1 | 0 | - | 0.44 ± 1.07 | 0.44 ± 1.07 | 0.94 ± 2.47 | 0.76 ± 2.26 |
≥ 20 | 65 | 13.4 | 20 | 30.8 | 6 | 9.2 | 1.06 ± 2.08 | 1.03 ± 2.03 | 2.06 ± 4.3 | 2.02 ± 4.25 |
χ 2 for trend = 4.10; p = 0.043 | Fisher’s exact p = 0.002 | F = 4.24; p = 0.002 | F = 3.95; p = 0.004 | F = 3.66; p = 0.006 | F = 3.75; p = 0.005 | |||||
Non-nutritive sucking habits (finger or pacifier) | ||||||||||
No | 473 | 93.8 | 87 | 18.4 | 14 | 2.9 | 0.51 ± 1.42 | 0.48 ± 1.38 | 1 ± 3.1 | 0.93 ± 3.05 |
Yes | 37 | 7.2 | 9 | 24.3 | 0 | - | 0.49 ± 1.07 | 0.49 ± 1.07 | 0.76 ± 2.3 | 0.76 ± 2.3 |
χ 2 = 0.79; p = 0.374 | Fisher’s exact p = 0.613 | t-test = 0.09; p = 0.93 | t-test = -0.02; p = 0.985 | t-test = 0.47; p = 0.641 | t-test = 0.28; p = 0.781 | |||||
Bottle feeding | ||||||||||
No | 79 | 15.7 | 19 | 24.1 | 6 | 7.6 | 0.89 ± 2.03 | 0.89 ± 2.03 | 1.84 ± 4.35 | 1.84 ± 4.35 |
Yes | 423 | 84.3 | 77 | 18.2 | 8 | 1.9 | 0.44 ± 1.25 | 0.41 ± 1.2 | 0.84 ± 2.74 | 0.76 ± 2.67 |
χ 2 = 1.47; p = 0.225 | χ 2 = 7.99; p = 0.005 | t-test = 2.66; p = 0.008 | t-test = 2.9; p = 0.004 | t-test = 2.66; p = 0.008 | t-test = 2.93; p = 0.004 | |||||
Sleep with sweetened bottle or pacifier | ||||||||||
No | 412 | 80.8 | 71 | 17.2 | 12 | 2.9 | 0.47 ± 1.34 | 0.44 ± 1.3 | 0.9 ± 2.83 | 0.82 ± 2.77 |
Yes | 98 | 19.2 | 25 | 25.5 | 2 | 2 | 0.67 ± 1.59 | 0.65 ± 1.59 | 1.35 ± 3.81 | 1.31 ± 3.8 |
χ 2 = 3.55; p = 0.06 | Fisher’s exact p = 1 | t-test = -1.32; p = 0.187 | t-test = -1.38; p = 0.167 | t-test = -1.32; p = 0.188 | t-test = -1.44; p = 0.151 | |||||
Start using cup, months | ||||||||||
≤ 12 | 284 | 59.9 | 46 | 16.2 | 7 | 2.5 | 0.42 ± 1.3 | 0.39 ± 1.24 | 0.77 ± 2.59 | 0.72 ± 2.56 |
13-18 | 58 | 12.2 | 11 | 19 | 1 | 1.7 | 0.52 ± 1.42 | 0.52 ± 1.42 | 1.34 ± 3.67 | 1.16 ± 3.55 |
≥ 19 | 132 | 27.9 | 33 | 25 | 4 | 3 | 0.64 ± 1.43 | 0.61 ± 1.4 | 1.1 ± 2.96 | 1.08 ± 2.92 |
χ 2 for trend = 4.44; p = 0.035 | Fisher’s exact p = 0.912 | F = 1.14; p = 0.321 | F = 1.35; p = 0.26 | F = 1.31; p = 0.27 | F = 1.08; p = 0.341 | |||||
Sweets consumption | ||||||||||
Never | 20 | 4.1 | 1 | 5.0 | 0 | - | 0.05 ± 0.22 | 0.05 ± 0.22 | 0.05 ± 0.22 | 0.05 ± 0.22 |
Less than once a day | 220 | 44.6 | 39 | 17.7 | 6 | 2.7 | 0.46 ± 1.31 | 0.43 ± 1.26 | 0.82 ± 2.56 | 0.77 ± 2.52 |
At least once a day | 253 | 51.3 | 51 | 20.2 | 8 | 3.2 | 0.58 ± 1.52 | 0.56 ± 1.5 | 1.19 ± 3.54 | 1.09 ± 3.47 |
Fisher’s exact p = 0.241 | Fisher’s exact p = 1 | F = 1.51; p = 0.222 | F = 1.57; p = 0.21 | F = 1.79; p = 0.168 | F = 1.54; p = 0.215 | |||||
Oral hygiene habits | ||||||||||
Toothbrushing habits | ||||||||||
Less than once a day | 144 | 28.5 | 35 | 24.3 | 4 | 2.8 | 0.59 ± 1.49 | 0.57 ± 1.46 | 1.16 ± 3.28 | 1.08 ± 3.23 |
Once a day | 210 | 41.5 | 32 | 15.2 | 6 | 2.9 | 0.44 ± 1.36 | 0.43 ± 1.34 | 0.85 ± 2.96 | 0.78 ± 2.89 |
More than once a day | 152 | 30 | 31 | 20.4 | 4 | 2.6 | 0.56 ± 1.4 | 0.51 ± 1.33 | 1.07 ± 3 | 1.02 ± 2.98 |
χ 2 for trend = 0.67; p = 0.415 | Fisher’s exact p = 1 | F = 0.55; p = 0.576 | F = 0.44; p = 0.647 | F = 0.47; p = 0.623 | F = 0.49; p = 0.612 | |||||
Start toothbrushing, months | ||||||||||
≤12 | 76 | 15.8 | 14 | 18.4 | 3 | 4 | 0.61 ± 1.71 | 0.61 ± 1.71 | 1.28 ± 3.62 | 1.2 ± 3.58 |
13-24 | 219 | 45.4 | 33 | 15.1 | 2 | 0.9 | 0.37 ± 1.09 | 0.34 ± 1.02 | 0.73 ± 2.32 | 0.64 ± 2.22 |
≥25 | 187 | 38.8 | 42 | 22.5 | 7 | 3.7 | 0.61 ± 1.48 | 0.58 ± 1.44 | 1.1 ± 3.26 | 1.05 ± 3.23 |
χ 2 for trend = 1.57; p = 0.21 | Fisher’s exact p = 0.087 | F = 1.91; p = 0.15 | F = 2.11; p = 0.122 | F = 1.31 p = 0.271 | F = 1.52; p = 0.221 | |||||
Toothpaste use | ||||||||||
No | 32 | 6.4 | 3 | 9.4 | 2 | 6.3 | 0.47 ± 1.74 | 0.47 ± 1.74 | 0.93 ± 3.83 | 0.93 ± 3.83 |
Yes | 467 | 93.6 | 91 | 19.5 | 12 | 2.6 | 0.52 ± 1.39 | 0.49 ± 1.35 | 1 ± 3.02 | 0.93 ± 2.97 |
Fisher’s exact p = 0.24 | Fisher’s exact p = 0.224 | t-test = -0.19; p = 0.848 | t-test = -0.09; p = 0.925 | t-test = -0.12; p = 0.906 | t-test = 0.01; p = 0.991 | |||||
Adult supervision of toothbrushing | ||||||||||
No | 26 | 5.3 | 5 | 19.2 | 2 | 7.7 | 0.81 ± 2 | 0.81 ± 2 | 1.62 ± 4.61 | 1.62 ± 4.61 |
Yes | 466 | 94.7 | 85 | 18.2 | 10 | 2.2 | 0.47 ± 1.3 | 0.44 ± 1.26 | 0.9 ± 2.79 | 0.83 ± 2.72 |
χ 2 = 0.02; p = 0.899 | Fisher’s exact p = 0.128 | t-test = 1.24; p = 0.214 | t-test = 1.38; p = 0.169 | t-test = 1.22; p = 0.224 | t-test = 1.37; p = 0.171 | |||||
Use of fluoride supplements | ||||||||||
No | 314 | 64.3 | 58 | 18.5 | 7 | 2.2 | 0.48 ± 1.34 | 0.45 ± 1.29 | 0.92 ± 2.83 | 0.84 + 2.76 |
Yes | 174 | 35.7 | 34 | 19.5 | 7 | 4 | 0.6 ± 1.57 | 0.59 ± 1.54 | 1.2 ± 3.56 | 1.15 ± 3.53 |
χ 2 = 0.08; p = 0.772 | χ 2 = 1.29; p = 0.256 | t-test = -0.93; p = 0.351 | t-test = -1.04; p = 0.297 | t-test = -0.94; p = 0.35 | t-test = -1.08; p = 0.281 | |||||
Access to dental services | ||||||||||
Dental visit in the previous year | ||||||||||
No | 413 | 83.1 | 62 | 15 | 6 | 1.5 | 0.35 ± 1.1 | 0.34 ± 1.1 | 0.64 ± 2.28 | 0.59 ± 2.23 |
Yes | 84 | 16.9 | 33 | 39.3 | 8 | 9.5 | 1.37 ± 2.24 | 1.25 ± 2.17 | 2.82 ± 5.2 | 2.63 ± 5.17 |
χ 2 = 26.6; p < 0.001 | χ 2 = 16.61; p < 0.001 | t-test = -6.27; p < 0.001 | t-test = -5.68; p < 0.001 | t-test = -6.13; p < 0.001 | t-test = -5.8; p < 0.001 | |||||