From: Educational interventions to improve prescription and dispensing of antibiotics: a systematic review
Author (year) | Study design (a) | Program description | Baseline and follow-up | Analysis (e) | Results (f) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  | Disease (b) | Intervention type (c,d) | Baseline | Intervention period | Follow-up |  |  |
Dollman, WB (2005) [20] | 1 | URTI | IG: 1, 2, 8 | 5Â months | 5Â months | ___ | 2 | T (+) |
CG: 0 | ||||||||
Hrisos, S (2008) [21] | 4 | URTI | IG1: 3 | ___ | 3Â months | ___ | 3 | At/Bh (+) |
IG2: 3 | ||||||||
IG1 + 2: 3 | ||||||||
CG: 0 | ||||||||
Hennessy, TW (2002) [22] | 3 | RTI | IG: 8, 2 | 2Â months | 12Â months (6 each year of intervention) | 2Â months | 2, 3 | T (+) |
CG: 0 | ||||||||
Rubin, MA (2005) [23] | 2 | URTI | IG: 1, 2, 8, 9 | 6Â months | 6Â months | ___ | 2, 3 | T (+) |
CG: 0 | Ga (+) | |||||||
Naughton, C (2009) [24] | 4 | RTI | IG1: 3, 4 | 12 months | ___ | 12 months | 2, 3 | T (+) (−)a |
IG2: 3 | Ga (+) (−)a | |||||||
Chazan, B (2007) [25] | 1 | Infectious disease | IG1: 1, 2 | 4Â months | 4Â months | ___ | 2, 3 | T (+) |
IG2: 1, 2, 8 | ||||||||
Briel, M (2005) [26] | 4 | ARTI | IG1: 1,2 | ___ | 5Â months | ___ | 1 | T (+) |
IG2: 1,2 | ||||||||
CG: 0 | ||||||||
Monette, J (2007) [27] | 4 | Lower RTI | IG: 1, 3 | 3Â months | 2 x 3Â months | 3Â months | 5, 6 | Ga (+) |
UTI | CG: 0 | |||||||
Skin and soft-tissue infections septicemia | ||||||||
Enriquez-Puga, A (2009) [28] | 4 | ___ | IG: 1, 3, 4 | 2 periods of 6 months | 6 months | 24 months | 5, 6 | Ga (−) |
Bjerrum, L (2006) [29] | 2 | RTI | IG: 2, 3, 10 | 3Â weeks during 3Â months | 3Â weeks during 3Â months | ___ | 1, 2 | T (+) |
CG: 0 | Ga (+) | |||||||
Mcisaac, WJ (2002) [30] | 4 | Sore throat | IG: 1, 5 | ___ | ___ | ___ | 1 | T (−) |
CG: 0 | Ga (−) | |||||||
Wheeler, JG (2001) [31] | 1 | Viral infections | IG: 2, 8, 9 | 1 week | 3 weeks during 3 years | 6 months (qualitative) | 3 | T (−) |
At/Bh (+) | ||||||||
Juzych, NS (2005) [32] | 3 | URTI | IG: 1, 2, 8 | 4.5 months | 4.5 months | ___ | 2, 3 | Pa (+) (−)b |
CG: 0 | T (+) | |||||||
Smeets, HM (2009) [33] | 2 | RTI | IG: 2, 3, 8 | 6 months | 6 months | 6 months (one year later) | 5, 6 | T (−) |
Ga (−) | ||||||||
CG: 0 | ||||||||
Mandryk, JA (2006) [34] | 1 | URTI | IG: 1, 2, 3, 4 | 33Â months | 51Â months | ___ | 2 | Ga (+) |
T (+) | ||||||||
Stille, CJ (2008) [35] | 4 | RTI | IG: 1, 2, 8 | --- | --- | 6 months | 1 | At/Bh (+) (−)c |
CG: 0 | ||||||||
Finkelstein, JA (2001) [36] | 4 | Otitis media | IG: 1, 2, 3, 8 | 12Â months | 12Â months | ___ | 2, 3 | T (+) |
Pharyngitis | CG: 0 | |||||||
Sinusitis | ||||||||
Cold | ||||||||
Bronchitis | ||||||||
Altiner, A (2007) [37] | 4 | Acute cough | IG: 4, 8 | 3Â months | ___ | 3Â months after 6Â weeks 3Â months after 1Â year after | 5, 6 | T (+) |
CG: 0 | ||||||||
Légaré, F (2010) [38] | 4 | Acute RI | IG: 1, 2 | ___ | ___ | ___ | 2, 3 | T (+) |
CG: 0 | ||||||||
Kiang, KM (2005) [39] | 1 | Respiratory illnesses | IG: 1, 2, 8 | ___ | ___ | ___ | 2, 3 | Ga (+) |
At/Bh (+) | ||||||||
Mohagheghi, MA [40] | 4 | ___ | IG: 2 | 60 months | ___ | 3 months afterwards 1 year afterwards | 2, 3 | T (+) (−)d |
CG: 0 | ||||||||
Irurzun, C (2005) [41] | 1 | Pharyngitis and tonsillitis | IG: 1, 2, 3, 4, 10 | ___ | 12Â months | ___ | 2 | T (+) |
Ga (+) | ||||||||
Chalker, J (2005) [42] | 5 | ___ | IG: 2, 4, 11 | ___ | ___ | 3x3 months (one month after each intervention) | 1 | T (+) (−)e |
CG: 0 | ||||||||
Finkelstein, JA (2008) [43] | 4 | ___ | IG: 1, 2, 3, 8 | 24 months | 6 months during 3 years | ___ | 2, 3 | T (+) (−)f |
CG: 0 | Ga (+) | |||||||
Chuc, NTK (2002) [44] | 4 | ARTI | IG: 2, 4, 11 | ___ | ___ | ___ | 2, 3 | T (+) |
Qh (+) | ||||||||
Belongia, EA (2001) [45] | 3 | ARTI | IG: 1, 2, 8 | 6Â months | ___ | 6Â months (every two years) | 7, 8 | T (+) |
Belongia, EA (2005) [46] | 2 | ___ | IG: 1, 2, 8, 9 | 12 months | 48 months | ___ | 3, 4 | T (+) (−)g |
Greene, RA (2004) [47] | 1 | Acute sinusitis | IG: 1, 2, 3, 13 | 22Â months | 14Â months | ___ | 2 | Ga (+) |
T (+) | ||||||||
Teng, CL (2007) [48] | 2 | URTI and others | IG: 1, 2, 4 | 3Â months | ___ | 3Â months | 2 | T (+) |
Awad, AI (2006) [49] | 4 | ___ | CG: 0 | ___ | ___ | 1 and 3Â months afterwards | 2, 3 | T (+)h |
IG1: 1, 3 | Ga (+) | |||||||
IG2: 2, 3 | ||||||||
IG3: 3, 4 | ||||||||
Welschen, I (2004) [50] | 4 | ARTI | IG: 1, 2, 3, 8 | 3Â months | ___ | 3Â months | 2, 3 | T (+) |
Gonzales, R (2004) [51] | 2 | ARTI | IG: 1, 8 | 4 months | 4 months (study period) |  | 2, 3 | T (+) (−)i |
Colomina RodrÃguez, J (2010) [52] | 1 | ___ | IG: 1, 2, 6, 8 | 48Â months | 36Â months | 24Â months | 5 | T (+) |
Ga (+) | ||||||||
Hickman, DE (2003) [53] | 4 | Acute bronchitis | IG: 1, 2, 8 | 6Â months | ___ | 6Â months | 2, 3 | T (+) |
CG: 0 | Â | |||||||
Coenen, S (2004) [54] | 4 | Acute cough | IG: 1, 4 | 3Â months | 1Â month (without outcomes) | ___ | 2,3 | T (+) |
IG: 0 | Ga (+) (−)j | |||||||
Perz, JF (2002) [55] | 1 | ___ | IG: 1, 2, 8, 9 | 12Â months | 12Â months | 12Â months | 5,6 | T (+) |
CG: 0 | ||||||||
Sondergaard, J (2003) [56] | 4 | RTI | IG: 1, 3 | 3 periods of 3 months | 3 periods of 3 months | 3 months (not shown) | 2,3 | T (−) |
CG: 1 | Ga (−) | |||||||
Doyne, EO (2004) [57] | 4 | ___ | IG: 1, 2, 3, 8 | 12 months | 12 months | ___ | 2,3 | T (+) (−)k |
CG1: 1, 3 | ||||||||
CG: 1 | ||||||||
Bauchner, H (2006) [58] | 5 | Acute otitis media | IG: 1, 2, 3 | ___ | ___ | ___ | 1 | Ga (+) (−)L |
CG: 2 | ||||||||
Christakis, DA (2001) [59] | 4 | Acute otitis media | IG: 6 | 7 months | 8 months | ___ | 2,3 | T (−) |
CG: 0 | Ga (+) | |||||||
Småbrekke, L (2002) [60] | 2 | Acute otitis media | IG: 1, 2, 8 | 4 months | 4 months | ___ | 2,3 | T (+) |
CG: 0 | Ga (+) | |||||||
Bjerrum, L (2011) [61] | 1 | RTI | IG = 2, 3, 9, 10 | 3 weeks (x2years) | 3 weeks (x1 year) | ___ | 2, 3 | T (+) |
Ga (+) | ||||||||
Regev-Yochay, G (2011) [62] | 4 | ___ | IG = 2 | 2 years | 1 year | ___ | 2, 3 | T (+) |
CG = 0 | Ga (+) | |||||||
Llor, C (2011) [63] | 4 | Pharyngitis | IG1 = 2, 8, 10 | 15 days | 15 days | ___ | 2, 3 | T (+) |
IG2 = 2, 8, 10 (sem) | ||||||||
Weiss, K (2011) [64] | 1 | ___ | IG = 1 | 2 years | 7 years | ___ | 2, 3 | T (+) |
CG = 0 | ||||||||
Llor, C (2011) [65] | 4 | Acute pharyngitis | IG = 1, 10 | ___ | ___ | ___ | 1 | Ga (+) |
CG = 1 | ||||||||
McKay, RM (2011) [66] | 1 | ___ | IG = 1, 2, 8, 9 | 9 years | 3 years | ___ | 2 | Pa (+) (−)m |