Table 4 The natural direct effects (NDE), natural indirect effects (NIE: mediated by respondents’ education) and marginal total effects (MTE) expressed as risk ratios (RRs) of parental education on measures of subjective health and wellbeing

High (ref)

1.00 (ref)

-

1.00 (ref)

-

1.00 (ref)

-

Composite EQ-5D

Mothers’ Education

Low

1.02^a

0.92-1.13

1.02^a

1.01-1.04

1.04^a

0.94-1.15

Fathers’ Education

Low

1.03^b

0.94-1.12

1.02^b

1.01-1.04

1.05^b

0.96-1.15

EQ-5D health dimensions

- Mobility

Mothers’ Education

Low

0.96^a

0.72-1.30

1.09^a

1.04-1.15

1.05^a

0.78-1.42

Fathers’ Education

Low

0.73^b

0.57-0.93

1.06^b

1.02-1.11

0.77^b

0.61-0.99

- Self-care

Mothers’ Education

Low

0.93^a

0.43-2.01

1.06^a

0.95-1.18

0.99^a

0.46-2.12

Fathers’ Education

Low

0.59^b

0.32-1.08

1.05^b

0.95-1.15

0.61^b

0.34-1.12

- Usual activities

Mothers’ Education

Low

1.15^a

0.82-1.60

1.08^a

1.03-1.14

1.24^a

0.89-1.73

Fathers’ Education

Low

0.98^b

0.75-1.27

1.07^b

1.03-1.12

1.05^b

0.81-1.36

- Pain/discomfort

Mothers’ Education

Low

1.03^a

0.92-1.16

1.03^a

1.01-1.05

1.06^a

0.95-1.20

Fathers’ Education

Low

1.06^b

0.96-1.17

1.03^b

1.01-1.04

1.09^b

0.99-1.20

- Anxiety/depression

Mothers’ Education

Low

0.93^a

0.72-1.20

1.00^a

0.96-1.03

0.93^a

0.72-1.19

Fathers’ Education

Low

0.99^b

0.80-1.24

1.01^b

0.98-1.04

1.00^b

0.81-1.25

Self-rated health

Mothers’ Education

Low

1.11^a

0.95-1.29

1.03^a

1.01-1.06

1.14^a

0.98-1.33

Fathers’ Education

Low

0.98^b

0.86-1.10

1.04^b

1.02-1.06

1.01^b

0.90-1.14

Age-comparative self-rated health

Mothers’ Education

Low

1.09^a

1.01-1.16

1.03^a

1.01-1.04

1.11^a

1.04-1.19

Fathers’ Education

Low

1.04^b

0.98-1.10

1.02^b

1.01-1.03

1.06^b

1.01-1.12

Subjective wellbeing

Mothers’ Education

Low

1.04^a

0.97-1.12

1.01^a

1.01-1.02

1.05^a

0.98-1.13

Fathers’ Education

Low

1.00^b

0.94-1.06

1.01^b

1.00-1.02

1.01^b

0.95-1.07

High (ref)

1.00 (ref)

-

1.00 (ref)

-

1.00 (ref)

-

Composite EQ-5D

Mothers’ Education

Low

1.10^a

1.02-1.19

1.03^a

1.02-1.05

1.14^a

1.05-1.23

Fathers’ Education

Low

0.98^b

0.92-1.04

1.03^b

1.02-1.05

1.01^b

0.95-1.07

EQ-5D health dimensions

- Mobility

Mothers’ Education

Low

1.00^a

0.77-1.30

1.05^a

1.01-1.10

1.05^a

0.81-1.37

Fathers’ Education

Low

0.83^b

0.67-1.02

1.05^b

0.99-1.10

0.86^b

0.70-1.06

- Self-care

Mothers’ Education

Low

0.65^a

0.35-1.22

1.06^a

0.95-1.18

0.69^a

0.37-1.28

Fathers’ Education

Low

0.83^b

0.48-1.44

1.07^b

0.94-1.21

0.88^b

0.52-1.52

- Usual activities

Mothers’ Education

Low

1.02^a

0.82-1.25

1.05^a

1.01-1.09

1.07^a

0.86-1.32

Fathers’ Education

Low

0.88^b

0.74-1.05

1.07^b

1.02-1.11

0.94^b

0.80-1.11

- Pain/discomfort

Mothers’ Education

Low

1.12^a

1.03-1.22

1.04^a

1.02-1.06

1.16^a

1.07-1.27

Fathers’ Education

Low

0.97^b

0.91-1.04

1.04^b

1.02-1.05

1.01^b

0.94-1.08

- Anxiety/depression

Mothers’ Education

Low

1.38^a

1.13-1.69

1.05^a

1.02-1.08

1.45^a

1.18-1.78

Fathers’ Education

Low

0.85^b

0.72-0.98

1.05^b

1.02-1.09

0.89^b

0.76-1.03

Self-rated health

Mothers’ Education

Low

1.02^a

0.87-1.19

1.08^a

1.05-1.12

1.10^a

0.94-1.29

Fathers’ Education

Low

1.09^b

0.96-1.23

1.08^b

1.04-1.11

1.17^b

1.03-1.32

Age-comparative self-rated health

Mothers’ Education

Low

1.04^a

0.99-1.09

1.02^a

1.01-1.03

1.06^a

1.01-1.11

Fathers’ Education

Low

1.02^b

0.98-1.06

1.02^b

1.01-1.03

1.04^b

1.00-1.08

Subjective wellbeing

Mothers’ Education

Low

1.04^a

0.96-1.12

1.01^a

0.99-1.02

1.04^a

0.96-1.13

Fathers’ Education

Low

0.95^b

0.89-1.01

1.00^b

0.99-1.02

0.95^b

0.90-1.01