Table 2 Pathway analysis of the association between daughters’ circumcision status and several hypothesized variables
From: Exploration of pathways related to the decline in female circumcision in Egypt
Daughter circumcised | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) Base model | (2) Add SES | (3) Add FGC messaging exposure | (4) Add empowerment | (5) Add cluster FE | |
Mother characteristics | |||||
Year of birth | 0.997 | 0.997 | 0.997 | 0.997 | 1.001 |
(0.980–1.015) | (0.979–1.014) | (0.980–1.014) | (0.980–1.015) | (0.982–1.020) | |
Circumcised | 63.388** | 54.850** | 57.473** | 57.382** | 16.206** |
(33.478–120.021) | (28.868–104.219) | (30.166–109.501) | (30.103–109.380) | (8.295–31.662) | |
Age at first marriage | 0.937** | 0.969** | 0.969** | 0.970** | 0.963** |
(0.918–0.956) | (0.948–0.990) | (0.949–0.990) | (0.949–0.991) | (0.940–0.986) | |
Age difference with husband | 0.985* | 0.987* | 0.988* | 0.987* | 0.986* |
(0.974–0.997) | (0.976–0.999) | (0.976–0.999) | (0.976–0.999) | (0.973–0.998) | |
Number of Children | 1.018 | 1.006 | 1.005 | 1.003 | 0.999 |
(0.974–1.063) | (0.963–1.051) | (0.962–1.050) | (0.960–1.048) | (0.953–1.048) | |
Muslim | 5.344** | 5.416** | 5.422** | 5.371** | 6.044** |
(4.022–7.099) | (4.071–7.206) | (4.075–7.215) | (4.037–7.145) | (4.361–8.379) | |
Daughter characteristics | |||||
Birth order (relative to 4th or higher) | |||||
First born | 0.824 | 0.885 | 0.880 | 0.874 | 0.903 |
(0.656–1.036) | (0.703–1.115) | (0.699–1.107) | (0.694–1.101) | (0.704–1.157) | |
Second born | 0.946 | 1.012 | 1.008 | 1.007 | 1.049 |
(0.776–1.153) | (0.829–1.236) | (0.826–1.231) | (0.825–1.229) | (0.846–1.301) | |
Third born | 0.914 | 0.952 | 0.952 | 0.950 | 0.972 |
(0.770–1.086) | (0.800–1.132) | (0.800–1.132) | (0.799–1.131) | (0.807–1.170) | |
Household characteristics | |||||
Household size (relative to Household size: 2 to 4) | |||||
Household size: 5 to 7 | 0.943 | 0.995 | 0.998 | 1.000 | 1.127 |
(0.700–1.269) | (0.738–1.342) | (0.740–1.346) | (0.741–1.350) | (0.813–1.563) | |
Household size: 8 to 10 | 1.008 | 1.080 | 1.082 | 1.087 | 1.106 |
(0.819–1.239) | (0.877–1.329) | (0.879–1.331) | (0.882–1.338) | (0.880–1.389) | |
Household size: 11+ | 1.089 | 1.114 | 1.112 | 1.116 | 1.112 |
(0.878–1.350) | (0.898–1.382) | (0.896–1.379) | (0.899–1.385) | (0.878–1.408) | |
SES | |||||
Wealth quintile 1 | 0.728** | 0.719** | 0.705** | 0.779* | |
(0.607–0.873) | (0.599–0.863) | (0.587–0.847) | (0.636–0.953) | ||
Wealth quintile 2 | 1.023 | 1.023 | 1.015 | 1.000 | |
(0.861–1.216) | (0.861–1.216) | (0.853–1.206) | (0.827–1.210) | ||
Wealth quintile 4 | 0.692** | 0.695** | 0.701** | 0.758** | |
(0.575–0.834) | (0.577–0.837) | (0.582–0.844) | (0.619–0.930) | ||
Wealth quintile 5 | 0.449** | 0.450** | 0.457** | 0.548** | |
(0.359–0.562) | (0.360–0.563) | (0.365–0.572) | (0.423–0.709) | ||
Mother works | 0.662** | 0.663** | 0.662** | 0.735** | |
(0.579–0.757) | (0.579–0.758) | (0.578–0.757) | (0.636–0.850) | ||
Mother completed primary | 0.836* | 0.842 | 0.854 | 0.692** | |
(0.700–0.999) | (0.705–1.005) | (0.715–1.021) | (0.568–0.842) | ||
Mother completed secondary or more | 0.546** | 0.552** | 0.567** | 0.591** | |
(0.452–0.660) | (0.456–0.667) | (0.468–0.687) | (0.480–0.728) | ||
Father completed primary | 1.072 | 1.077 | 1.077 | 1.018 | |
(0.915–1.256) | (0.919–1.262) | (0.919–1.261) | (0.858–1.208) | ||
Father completed secondary or more | 1.111 | 1.121 | 1.132 | 1.038 | |
(0.945–1.307) | (0.953–1.318) | (0.962–1.331) | (0.868–1.242) | ||
Anti-FGC Messaging | |||||
Exposed to 1 or more messages | 0.828** | 0.838** | 0.872 | ||
(0.725–0.944) | (0.734–0.957) | (0.753–1.010) | |||
Empowerment Indexes | |||||
PCA of household decisions | 0.999 | 1.014 | |||
(0.959–1.040) | (0.970–1.060) | ||||
PCA of tolerance of domestic violence | 1.042* | 1.028 | |||
(1.006–1.079) | (0.989–1.067) | ||||
Daughter YOB & Wave FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Urban FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | NO |
Region FE (5 units) | YES | YES | YES | YES | NO |
Cluster RE | YES | YES | YES | YES | NO |
Cluster FE | NO | NO | NO | NO | YES |
Observations | 17579 | 17579 | 17579 | 17579 | 13755 |
Number of Clusters | 2551 | 2551 | 2551 | 2551 | 1714 |