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Table 2 Adjusted and unadjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for respiratory cancer death from 1992–2008 among Whites (n = 58,586)

From: Health effects of air pollution on length of respiratory cancer survival

Characteristics

Overall death

Cancer-specific death

  

Unadjusted HR

Adjusted HRa

Unadjusted HR

Adjusted HRa

  

(95% CI)

(95% CI)

(95% CI)

(95% CI)

Air pollution level b

Low

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

High

1.14(1.08–1.20) *

1.07(1.02–1.13) *

1.15(1.09–1.22) *

1.08(1.02–1.14) *

Age at diagnoses

≤54

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

55–69

1.29(1.25–1.34) *

1.30(1.25–1.35) *

1.21(1.16–1.25) *

1.21(1.16–1.26) *

 

70–84

1.72(1.66–1.78) *

1.73(1.67–1.80) *

1.49(1.43–1.54) *

1.49(1.44–1.55) *

 

85+

2.70(2.58–2.83) *

2.57(2.43–2.71) *

2.25(2.14–2.36) *

2.12(2.00–2.25) *

Marital status

Unmarried

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

Married

0.89(0.86–0.91) *

0.82(0.79–0.85) *

0.91(0.88–0.94) *

0.86(0.83–0.89) *

 

Separated/Divorce

1.01(0.97–1.05)

0.97(0.93–1.01)

1.03(0.99–1.07)

0.99(0.95–1.04)

 

Widowed

1.26(1.22–1.30) *

1.02(0.98–1.06)

1.23(1.19–1.28) *

1.06(1.01–1.10) *

Sex

Male

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

Female

0.97(0.95–0.99) *

0.82(0.81–0.84) *

0.99(0.97–1.01)

0.84(0.82–0.86) *

Cancer stage

In situ or Localized

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

Regional

1.98(1.91–2.06) *

1.96(1.89–2.03) *

2.54(2.43–2.65) *

2.46(2.36–2.57) *

 

Distant

5.26(5.09–5.44) *

5.04(4.87–5.21) *

7.20(6.91–7.49) *

6.64(6.37–6.92) *

Primary site

Lung and bronchus

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

Nose, nasal cavity and middle ear

0.38(0.34–0.42) *

0.49(0.44–0.55) *

0.32(0.29–0.36) *

0.43(0.38–0.49) *

 

Larynx

0.32(0.31–0.34) *

0.54(0.51–0.57) *

0.23(0.21–0.24) *

0.41(0.38–0.44) *

 

Others

0.36(0.30–0.42) *

0.38(0.30–0.48) *

0.38(0.31–0.46) *

0.40(0.31–0.52) *

Year diagnosed

2007–2008

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

2002–2006

1.04(1.00–1.09)

1.25(1.20–1.32) *

1.06(1.01–1.11) *

1.09(1.04–1.15) *

 

1997–2001

1.04(0.99–1.08)

1.18(1.12–1.24) *

1.04(0.99–1.09)

1.20(1.14–1.26) *

 

1992–1996

1.06(1.02–1.11) *

1.25(1.20–1.32) *

1.05(1.00–1.10)

1.27(1.21–1.34) *

  1. *Statistically significant at alpha = 0.05.
  2. a Adjusted hazard ratios are adjusted for Age at Diagnoses, Sex, Marital status at diagnoses, Cancer stage, Primary site, and Year diagnosed.
  3. b Subjects from Los Angeles, CA were defined as high air pollution exposure group while those from Honolulu, HI were defined as low air pollution exposure group.
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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