Table 1 Bivariate analyses of factors associated with reports of police beatings among IDU in Bangkok, Thailand ( n = 639)
Characteristic | Ever beaten by police | Prevalence ratio (95% CI) | p -value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | |||
240 (37.6%) | 399 (62.4%) | |||
Calendar year of study enrolment | ||||
2011 | 144 (43.4%) | 188 (56.6%) | 1.39 (1.13–1.71) | 0.002 |
2009 | 96 (31.3%) | 211 (68.7%) | ||
Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||
Age | ||||
< 37 years old | 119 (38.3%) | 192 (61.7%) | 1.04 (0.85–1.27) | 0.720 |
≥ 37 years old | 121 (36.9%) | 207 (63.1%) | ||
Gender | ||||
Male | 227 (46.7%) | 259 (53.3%) | 5.50 (3.24–9.33) | <0.001 |
Female | 13 (8.5%) | 140 (91.5%) | ||
Income from drug dealing* | ||||
Yes | 21 (43.8%) | 27 (56.3%) | 1.18 (0.84–1.65) | 0.335 |
No | 219 (37.1%) | 372 (62.9%) | ||
Drug use behaviour | ||||
Heroin injection ever | ||||
Yes | 228 (40.3%) | 338 (59.7%) | 2.45 (1.45–4.15) | <0.001 |
No | 12 (16.4%) | 61 (83.6%) | ||
Midazolam injection ever | ||||
Yes | 210 (40.0%) | 315 (60.0%) | 1.52 (1.10–2.10) | 0.011 |
No | 30 (26.3%) | 84 (73.7%) | ||
Methamphetamine injection ever | ||||
Yes | 180 (39.6%) | 274 (60.4%) | 1.22 (0.96–1.55) | 0.097 |
No | 60 (32.4%) | 125 (67.6%) | ||
Crystal methamphetamine injection ever | ||||
Yes | 48 (51.6%) | 45 (48.4%) | 1.47 (1.17–1.84) | <0.001 |
No | 192 (35.2%) | 354 (64.8%) | ||
Syringe sharing ever | ||||
Yes | 175 (47.0%) | 197 (53.0%) | 1.93 (1.52–2.45) | <0.001 |
No | 65 (24.3%) | 202 (75.7%) | ||
Experiences with criminal justice system | ||||
Ever in prison | ||||
Yes | 220 (43.8%) | 282 (56.2%) | 3.00 (1.98–4.56) | <0.001 |
No | 20 (14.6%) | 117 (85.4%) | ||
Ever in compulsory drug detention | ||||
Yes | 56 (47.1%) | 63 (52.9%) | 1.33 (1.06–1.66) | 0.012 |
No | 184 (35.4%) | 336 (64.6%) | ||
Healthcare access | ||||
Ever accessed methadone treatment | ||||
Yes | 200 (42.2%) | 274 (57.8%) | 1.74 (1.30–2.33) | <0.001 |
No | 40 (24.2%) | 125 (75.8%) | ||
Reporting barriers to accessing healthcare | ||||
Any | 158 (44.6%) | 196 (55.4%) | 1.55 (1.25–1.93) | <0.001 |
None | 82 (28.8%) | 203 (71.2%) | ||
Health outcomes | ||||
HIV serostatus | ||||
Positive | 61 (47.3%) | 68 (52.7%) | 1.35 (1.08–1.67) | 0.007 |
Negative or unknown | 179 (35.1%) | 331 (64.9%) | ||
Non-fatal overdose ever | ||||
Yes | 81 (52.6%) | 73 (47.4%) | 1.60 (1.32–1.95) | <0.001 |
No | 159 (32.8%) | 326 (67.2%) | ||