Association between legume intake and self-reported diabetes among adult men and women in India

Agrawal, Sutapa; Ebrahim, Shah

doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-706

BMC Public Health

Table 1 Sample distribution and prevalence of diabetes (%) among men (n=56,742) and women (n=99,574) aged 20–49 years according to legumes intake and other selected risk factors and background characteristics, India 2005-06

From: Association between legume intake and self-reported diabetes among adult men and women in India

Characteristics	Men			Women
Characteristics	Total number N [%]	Who have diabetes N [%]	χ²p value*	Total number N [%]	Who have diabetes [%]	χ²p value*
Legumes intake			<0.0001			<0.0001
Daily	29863[52.6]	437[1.5]		52440[52.7]	538[1.0]
Weekly	21705[38.3]	219[1.0]		36597[36.8]	360[1.0]
Occasionally	4660[8.2]	51[1.1]		9663[9.7]	131[1.4]
Never	505[0.9]	13[2.6]		852[0.9]	20[2.3]
Consumption of other food items
Milk or curd			<0.0001			<0.0001
Daily	26307[46.4]	391[1.5]		40366[40.5]	492[1.2]
Weekly	11554[20.4]	117[1.0]		15071[15.1]	138[0.9]
Occasionally	14757[26.0]	138[0.9]		32918[33.1]	302[0.9]
Never	4114[7.3]	74[1.8]		11202[11.3]	117[1.0]
Green leafy vegetables			0.149			0.090
Daily	33982[59.9]	453[1.3]		64095[64.4]	674[1.1]
Weekly	19270[34.0]	231[1.2]		28606[28.7]	286[1.0]
Occasionally/never	3480[6.1]	35[1.0]		6840[6.9]	89[1.3]
Fruits			<0.0001			<0.0001
Daily	7320[12.9]	125[1.7]		12789[12.9]	206[1.6]
Weekly	19368[34.1]	255[1.3]		26731[26.9]	276[1.0]
Occasionally	28484[50.2]	296[1.0]		56336[56.6]	503[0.9]
Never	1546[2.7]	44[2.8]		3631[3.6]	63[1.7]
Eggs			<0.0001			<0.0001
Daily	2931[5.2]	56[1.9]		3475[3.5]	60[1.7]
Weekly	20682[36.5]	317[1.5]		28778[28.9]	363[1.3]
Occasionally	19786[34.9]	201[1.0]		32635[32.8]	287[0.9]
Never	13330[23.5]	146[1.1]		34647[34.8]	340[1.0]
Fish intake			<0.0001			<0.0001
Daily	3706[6.5]	90[2.4]		6505[6.5]	149[2.3]
Weekly	14414[25.4]	238[1.7]		22070[22.2]	304[1.4]
Occasionally	21818[38.5]	225[1.0]		34242[34.4]	264[0.8]
Never	16782[29.6]	167[1.0]		36724[36.9]	331[0.9]
Chicken or meat			<0.0001			<0.0001
Daily	706[1.2]	6[0.9]		839[0.8]	14[1.7]
Weekly	15609[27.5]	269[1.7]		21938[22.0]	292[1.3]
Occasionally	26135[46.1]	291[1.1]		42222[42.0]	423[1.0]
Never	14272[25.2]	155[1.1]		34537[34.7]	320[0.9]
Body mass index and lifestyle factors
Body mass index (kg/m ² ) ^a			<0.0001			<0.0001
≤18.5 (Underweight)	15356[28.7]	116[0.8]		41219[43.2]	302[0.7]
18.5-22.9 (Normal)	26616[49.8]	268[1.0]		30663[32.1]	136[0.4]
23.0-24.9 (Overweight)	5635[10.5]	128[2.3]		9454[9.9]	153[1.6]
≥25.0 (Obese)	5881[11.0]	178[3.0]		14169[14.8]	437[3.1]
Current tobacco smoking			0.498			0.514
No	35422[62.4]	450[1.3]		97738[98.2]	1030[1.1]
Yes	21321[37.6]	270[1.3]		1835[1.8]	19[1.0]
Alcohol consumption			0.362			0.020
Never	35965[63.4]	436[1.2]		97101[97.5]	1037[1.1]
Occasionally	13054[23.0]	180[1.4]		1067[1.1]	7[0.7]
Once a week	5676[10.0]	74[1.3]		1010[1.0]	3[0.3]
Almost everyday	2048[3.6]	31[1.5]		396[0.4]	1[0.3]
Frequency of watching TV			<0.0001			<0.0001
Not at all	10517[18.5]	112[1.1]		35399[35.6]	255[0.7]
Less than once a week	11420[20.1]	95[0.8]		10438[10.5]	96[0.9]
At least once a week	9081[16.0]	114[1.3]		10952[11.0]	100[0.9]
Almost everyday	25717[45.3]	400[1.6]		42763[43.0]	598[1.4]
Background factors
Age			<0.0001			<0.0001
20-29	22842[40.3]	91[0.4]		43196[43.4]	113[0.3]
30-39	19045[33.6]	179[0.9]		33522[33.7]	342[1.0]
40-49	14855[26.2]	450[3.0]		22856[23.0]	594[2.6]
Education ^b			<0.0001			<0.0001
Illiterate	11607[20.5]	144[1.2]		45113[45.3]	338[0.7]
Literate, < middle school	10030[17.7]	111[1.1]		14463[14.5]	192[1.3]
Middle school completed	26783[47.2]	320[1.2]		31665[31.8]	435[1.4]
High school complete and above	8311[14.7]	146[1.8]		83284[8.4]	83[1.0]
Religion			0.099			<0.0001
Hindu	46727[82.3]	575[1.2]		80648[81.0]	792[1.0]
Muslim	6841[12.1]	103[1.5]		12940[13.0]	164[1.3]
Christian	1290[2.3]	19[1.5]		2526[2.5]	56[2.2]
Sikhs	1009[1.8]	17[1.7]		1836[1.8]	21[1.1]
Others^c	876[1.5]	6[0.7]		1624[1.6]	16[1.0]
Caste/tribe ^d			<0.0001			<0.0001
Scheduled caste	10670[18.8]	131[1.2]		18260[18.3]	173[0.9]
Scheduled tribes	4732[8.3]	24[0.5]		8002[8.0]	30[0.4]
Other backward class	22116[39.0]	256[1.2]		38860[39.0]	368[0.9]
Others	17414[30.7]	270[1.6]		31440[31.6]	437[1.4]
Missing caste	1810[3.2]	40[2.2]		3011[3.0]	41[1.4]
Wealth index ^e			<0.0001			<0.0001
Lowest	9103[16.0]	71[0.8]		17286[17.4]	71[0.4]
Second	10205[18.0]	100[1.0]		18546[18.6]	141[0.8]
Middle	11533[20.3]	80[0.7]		19698[19.8]	152[0.8]
Fourth	12634[22.3]	154[1.2]		20925[21.0]	275[1.3]
Highest	13266[23.4]	316[2.4]		23119[23.2]	411[1.8]
Place of residence			<0.0001			<0.0001
Urban	20779[36.6]	347[1.7]		33355[33.5]	551[1.7]
Rural	35963[63.4]	373[1.0]		66219[66.5]	498[0.8]
Geographic regions ^f			<0.0001			<0.0001
North	7767[13.7]	60[0.8]		13286[13.3]	116[0.9]
Northeast	2313[4.1]	23[1.0]		3978[4.0]	28[0.7]
Central	12971[22.9]	82[0.6]		22250[22.3]	126[0.6]
East	11810[20.8]	213[1.8]		21913[22.0]	295[1.3]
West	9279[16.4]	90[1.0]		15052[15.1]	121[0.8]
South	12603[22.2]	252[2.0]		23096[23.2]	363[1.6]
Total percent		1.3			1.1
Number^g	56742	720		99574	1050

^aIn NFHS-3, all respondents were weighed using a solar powered scale with an accuracy of ±100 g. Their height was measured using an adjustable wooden measuring board, specifically designed to provide accurate measurements (to the nearest 0.1 cm). Pregnant women and women who had a delivery in the 2 months preceding the survey were excluded from the anthropometric measurements.
^bEducation: illiterate (0 years of education), literate but less than middle school complete (1–5 years of education), middle school complete (6–8 years of education), high school complete or more (9+ years of education).
^cOthers include Buddhist, Jain, Jewish, and Zoroastrian.
^dScheduled castes and scheduled tribes are identified by the Government of India as socially and economically backward and needing protection from social injustice and exploitation. Other backward class is a diverse collection of intermediate castes that were considered low in the traditional caste hierarchy but are clearly above scheduled castes. Others is thus a default residual group that enjoys higher status in the caste hierarchy.
^eThe wealth index is based on following assets in the household: household electrification, type of windows, drinking water source, type of toilet facility, type of flooring, material of exterior walls, type of roofing, house ownership, ownership of a bank or post office account, and ownership of a mattress, a pressure cooker, a chair, a cot/bed, a table, an electric fan, a radio/transistor, a black and white television, a colour television, a sewing machine, a mobile telephone, any other telephone, a computer, a refrigerator, a watch or clock, a bicycle, a motorcycle or scooter, an animal-drawn cart, a car, a water pump, a thresher, and a tractor.
^fRegion: North: Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttaranchal; Northeast: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura; Central: Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh; East: Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Orissa; West: Maharashtra, Goa, Gujarat; South: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu.
^gNumber of men and women varies slightly for individual variables depending on the number of missing values.
*p-value is the result of a simple Chi-square test for independence. Pearson Chi-square test is used to examine whether association between the dependent variable (self reported diabetes) and predictor variable (such as legume consumption) and other covariates and confounders was statistically significant.

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ISSN: 1471-2458

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