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Table 1 Participants’ characteristics according to rice-eating patterns

From: Rice-eating pattern and the risk of metabolic syndrome especially waist circumference in Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES)

 

Total (n= 26,006)

White rice group (n= 6,136)

Rice with other foods group

Mixed group (n= 4,841)

P

Rice with beans (n= 2,589)

Rice with multi-grains (n= 12,440)

Men

      

No. of subjects

7,561

2,386

699

2,991

1,485

 

Age (years)

      

 mean ± SD

52.2 ± 8.8

50.6 ± 8.7 c

54.9 ± 9.1a

53.3 ± 8.8b

51.1 ± 8.0c

<0.0225

Age group, years, n (%)

     

 35–44

1,728 (22.9)

711 (29.8)

97 (13.9)

561 (18.8)

359 (24.2)

<0.0001

 45–54

2,997 (39.6)

940 (39.4)

253 (36.2)

1,150 (38.4)

654 (44.0)

 55–64

2,029 (26.8)

545 (22.8)

216 (30.9)

889 (29.7)

379 (25.5)

 64–75

807 (10.7)

190 (8.0)

133 (19.0)

391 (13.1)

93 (6.3)

Education levels, years, n (%)

     

 <= 6

2,186 (29.5)

708 (30.2)

245 (35.8)

905 (30.8)

328 (22.7)

<0.0001

 7~12

2,843 (38.4)

900 (38.5)

260 (37.9)

1,143 (38.8)

540 (37.4)

 12 <

576 (32.1)

733 (31.3)

180 (26.3)

894 (30.4)

576 (39.9)

Smoking status, n (%)

     

 Nonsmoker

2,250 (29.9)

674 (28.3)

224 (32.2)

921 (30.9)

431 (29.2)

<0.0001

 Ex-smoker

2,829 (37.5)

825 (34.7)

276 (39.7)

1,151 (38.6)

577 (39.0)

 Current smoker

2,457 (32.6)

880 (37.0)

195 (28.1)

912 (30.5)

470 (31.8)

Drinking status, n (%)

     

 Nondrinker

1,522 (20.2)

443 (18.6)

163 (23.4)

639 (21.4)

277 (18.7)

0.0108

 Ex-drinker

552 (7.3)

161 (6.8)

48 (6.9)

235 (7.9)

108 (7.3)

 Current drinker

5,456 (72.5)

1,771 (74.6)

486 (69.7)

2,105 (70.7)

1,094 (74.0)

Exercise, n (%)

      

 No

3,648 (48.4)

1,334 (56.5)

319 (45.7)

1,305 (43.7)

680 (45.9)

<0.0001

 Yes

3,895 (51.6)

1,035 (43.5)

379 (54.3)

1.679 (56.3)

802 (54.1)

Supplement use, n (%)

     

 No

5,407 (71.7)

1,847 (77.8)

478 (68.5)

2,059 (68.9)

1,023 (69.1)

<0.0001

 Yes

2,132 (28.3)

526 (22.2)

220 (31.5)

929 (31.1)

457 (30.9)

Waist circumference (cm)

85.4 ± 7.3

85.1 ± 7.4 b

84.9 ± 7.5 b

85.6 ± 7.3 ab

86.0 ± 7.3 a

0.0004

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

149.6 ± 108.8

150.4 ± 105.6

155.3 ± 121.1

148.4 ± 108.3

148.2 ± 108.8

 

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

52.8 ± 12.3

52.8 ± 12.3

52.7 ± 12.0

52.9 ± 12.2

52.9 ± 12.4

 

SBP (mmHg)

124.8 ± 15.3

124.3 ± 15.1 b

126.3 ± 16.2 a

125.1 ± 15.4 ab

124.4 ± 14.9 ab

0.0122

DBP (mmHg)

78.6 ± 10.0

78.4 ± 9.7

79.2 ± 10.7

78.6 ± 10.0

78.5 ± 9.9

 

Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

95.0 ± 18.9

94.5 ± 18.3

95.4 ± 17.6

95.4 ± 18.5

95.0 ± 21.2

 

No. of subjects with MetS (%)

1,486 (19.4)

454 (19.0)

136 (19.5)

594 (19.9)

284(19.1)

 

Women

      

No. of subjects

18,445

3,750

1,890

9,449

3,356

 

Age (years)

      

 mean ± SD

50.4 ± 7.7

49.6 ± 7.7c

51.8 ± 7.7a

50.7 ± 7.7b

49.6 ± 7.3c

<0.0001

Age group, years, n (%)

     

 35–44

4,621 (25.1)

1,089 (29.0)

364 (19.2)

2,248 (23.8)

920 (27.4)

<0.0001

 45–54

8,840 (47.9)

1,759 (46.9)

909 (48.1)

4,487 (47.5)

1,685 (50.2)

 55–64

3,917 (21.2)

693 (18.5)

487 (25.8)

2,121 (22.4)

616 (18.4)

 64–75

1,067 (5.8)

209 (5.6)

130 (6.9)

593 (6.3)

135 (4.0)

Education levels, years, n (%)

     

 <= 6

7,549 (41.9)

1,624 (44.4)

867 (47.2)

3,824 (41.4)

1,234 (37.6)

<0.0001

 7~12

7,356 (40.8)

1,426 (39.0)

716 (39.0)

3,825 (41.4)

1,389 (42.3)

 12 <

658 (17.3)

607 (16.6)

254 (13.8)

1,558 (17.2)

658 (20.1)

Smoking status, n (%)

     

 Nonsmoker

17,716 (96.7)

3,536 (95.2)

1,830 (97.3)

9,111 (96.9)

3,239 (97.1)

<0.0001

 Ex-smoker

243 (1.3)

65 (1.7)

29 (1.5)

112 (1.2)

37 (1.1)

 Current smoker

371 (2.0)

114 (3.1)

22 (1.2)

175 (1.9)

60 (1.8)

Drinking status, n (%)

     

 Nondrinker

9,428 (63.3)

2,288 (61.6)

1,271 (67.5)

5,923 (63.1)

2,023 (60.9)

<0.0001

 Ex-drinker

379 (2.5)

105 (2.8)

50 (2.7)

224 (2.4)

67 (2.9)

 Current drinker

5,129 (34.2)

1,321 (35.6)

562 (29.8)

3,246 (34.5)

1,207 (36.2)

Exercise, n (%)

      

 No

8,982 (48.9)

2,213 (59.4)

882 (46.8)

4,270 (45.4)

1,617 (48.3)

<0.0001

 Yes

9,383 (51.1)

1,515 (40.6)

1,001 (53.2)

5.139 (54.6)

1,728 (51.7)

Supplement use, n (%)

     

 No

10,439 (56.8)

2,371 (63.7)

1,061 (56.4)

5,142 (54.6)

1,865 (55.8)

<0.0001

 Yes

7,926 (43.2)

1,355 (36.3)

822 (43.6)

4,274 (45.4)

1,475 (44.2)

Menopause, n (%)

     

<0.0001

 Post-

8,856 (48.0)

1,636 (43.6)

1,065 (56.4)

4,665 (49.4)

1,490 (44.4)

 Pre-

9,589 (52.0)

2,114 (56.4)

825 (43.6)

4,784 (50.6)

1,866 (55.6)

Waist circumference (cm)

78.0 ± 7.8

78.3 ± 7.8

77.7 ± 7.5

78.0 ± 7.8

77.8 ± 7.9

 

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

107.7 ± 70.7

109.0 ± 72.6

108.9 ± 69.1

107.9 ± 71.0

105.2 ± 68.3

 

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

58.6 ± 12.7

58.4 ± 12.8

58.2 ± 12.5

58.8 ± 12.8

58.7 ± 12.5

 

SBP (mmHg)

118.7 ± 15.7

118.8 ± 16.0 b

120.2 ± 15.6 a

118.7 ± 15.7 b

117.6 ± 5.4 c

<0.0001

DBP (mmHg)

74.0 ± 10.0

74.1 ± 10.1 ab

74.8 ± 9.9 a

74.1 ± 10.0 b

73.2 ± 9.8 c

<0.0001

Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

90.6 ± 16.2

90.8 ± 14.3

89.8 ± 13.5

90.7 ± 15.9

90.1 ± 20.0

 

No. of subjects with MetS (%)

2,999 (16.3)

625 (16.7)

325 (17.2)

1,572 (16.6)

477 (14.2)

 
  1. For differences among rice-eating patterns using ANOVA with Scheffé’s test for data that are means ± SDs(continuous variables) and chi-square test for data that are percentages(categorical variables).
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