Table 2 Factors associated with unmet needs for health care among homeless and vulnerably housed participants in Toronto, Ottawa and Vancouver, Canada, 2009
Bivariate models | Multivariate model | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p | AOR (95% CI) | p | |
Demographics, n (%) | ||||
Homeless (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Vulnerably housed | 1.05 (0.83, 1.32) | 0.71 | 1.09 (0.82, 1.45) | 0.56 |
Age group, n (%) | ||||
<30 years (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
30-39 years | 1.04 (0.70, 1.54) | 0.86 | 0.87 (0.54, 1.40) | 0.56 |
40–49 years | 0.95 (0.66, 1.38) | 0.79 | 0.74 (0.46, 1.18) | 0.20 |
≥50 years | 0.81 (0.54, 1.21) | 0.31 | 0.63 (0.37, 1.05) | 0.07 |
Gender, n (%) | ||||
Male (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Female | 1.13 (0.88, 1.45) | 0.34 | 0.84 (0.60, 1.19) | 0.32 |
Transgender | 0.49 (0.16, 1.49) | 0.21 | 0.24 (0.04, 1.05) | 0.06 |
City, n (%) | ||||
Vancouver (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Toronto | 0.76 (0.57, 1.01) | 0.06 | 1.10 (0.77, 1.59) | 0.60 |
Ottawa | 0.88 (0.66, 1.17) | 0.37 | 0.90 (0.63, 1.27) | 0.55 |
Born in Canada, n (%) | 1.40 (1.00, 1.96) | 0.05 | 0.89 (0.53, 1.49) | 0.65 |
Racial/cultural group, n (%) | ||||
White (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Black/African-Canadian | 0.69 (0.45, 1.07) | 0.10 | 0.76 (0.41, 1.39) | 0.37 |
First Nations/Aboriginal | 0.96 (0.70, 1.33) | 0.82 | 0.80 (0.54, 1.17) | 0.24 |
Mixed ethnicity | 1.35 (0.81, 2.25) | 0.26 | 1.34 (0.68, 2.25) | 0.49 |
Other | 0.31 (0.15, 0.62) | <0.01 | 0.28 (0.11, 0.69) | <0.01 |
Highest level of education, n (%) | ||||
Some post-secondary education or higher (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Completed high school or equivalent | 0.80 (0.58, 1.11) | 0.18 | 0.67 (0.46, 1.00) | 0.05 |
Some high school | 0.96 (0.73, 1.26) | 0.75 | 0.93 (0.67, 1.29) | 0.66 |
Employed in past 12 months, n (%) | 1.16 (0.91, 1.47) | 0.23 | 1.40 (1.03, 1.91) | 0.03 |
Lifetime duration of homelessness (years), mean (SD) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.04) | 0.07 | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | 0.59 |
VAS score (perceived state of health), mean (SD) | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) | <0.01 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 0.51 |
EQ_5D, mean (SD) | 0.06 (0.03, 0.11) | <0.01 | 0.21 (0.09, 0.53) | <0.01 |
Been victim of a sexual assault over past 12 months, n (%) | 1.95 (1.30, 2.93) | <0.01 | 1.23 (0.73, 2.08) | 0.44 |
Has a provincial health card number, n (%) | 0.83 (0.58, 1.17) | 0.29 | 0.68 (0.44, 1.04) | 0.08 |
Has a primary care provider, n (%) | 0.78 (0.61, 0.99) | 0.04 | 0.63 (0.46, 0.85) | <0.01 |
SF-12 PCS, mean (SD) | 0.96 (0.95, 0.97) | <0.01 | 0.98 (0.96, 0.99) | <0.01 |
SF-12 MCS, mean (SD) | 0.96 (0.95, 0.97) | <0.01 | 0.97 (0.96, 0.98) | <0.01 |
Number of chronic health conditions, n (%) | ||||
0 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
1 | 1.54 (0.95, 2.51) | 0.08 | 1.26 (0.71, 2.22) | 0.43 |
2 | 2.00 (1.22, 3.29) | <0.01 | 1.50 (0.83, 2.69) | 0.18 |
≥ 3 | 3.66 (2.38, 5.64) | <0.01 | 2.17 (1.24, 3.79) | <0.01 |
Ever diagnosed with a mental health disorder, n (%) | 1.65 (1.29, 2.09) | <0.01 | 1.13 (0.84, 1.53) | 0.41 |