| Intervention group (n = 100) | Control group (n = 93) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Baseline | at 6th months | Baseline | at 6th months | ||||||||
Characteristics | n | Mean | SD* | n | Mean | SD* | n | Mean | SD* | n | Mean | SD* |
HbA1c (%)# | 100 | 7.6 | 1.4 | 84 | 6.7 | 1.2 | 93 | 7.3 | 1.1 | 70 | 7.0 | 1.0 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 100 | 26.3 | 4.6 | 91 | 25.6 | 4.3 | 93 | 24.9 | 4.6 | 82 | 24.5 | 4.4 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 79 | 174 | 70 | 78 | 145 | 63 | 77 | 160 | 71 | 66 | 134 | 48 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 100 | 133 | 17 | 85 | 132 | 15 | 93 | 132 | 17 | 81 | 130 | 16 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 100 | 78 | 12 | 84 | 77 | 11 | 93 | 75 | 12 | 81 | 72 | 11 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 96 | 127 | 29 | 87 | 121 | 29 | 89 | 122 | 30 | 71 | 122 | 28 |
HDL cholesterol l (mg/dl) | 87 | 56 | 16 | 80 | 58 | 20 | 88 | 56 | 13 | 68 | 59 | 15 |
Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 84 | 151 | 84 | 78 | 135 | 104 | 77 | 141 | 74 | 69 | 133 | 70 |
Energy intakes | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Whole day (kcal) | 100 | 1686 | 272 | 80 | 1624 | 220 | 93 | 1671 | 238 | 68 | 1655 | 259 |
Breakfast (kcal) | 100 | 412 | 161 | 80 | 423 | 137 | 93 | 403 | 151 | 68 | 401 | 149 |
Lunch (kcal) | 100 | 551 | 159 | 80 | 535 | 130 | 93 | 551 | 125 | 68 | 540 | 143 |
Dinner (kcal) | 100 | 741 | 100 | 80 | 700 | 91 | 93 | 732 | 95 | 68 | 726 | 99 |
Proportion of carbohydrate (%) | 100 | 55.3 | 2.5 | 80 | 55.2 | 2.4 | 93 | 55.1 | 2.9 | 68 | 54.6 | 4.2 |
Proportion of protein (%) | 100 | 15.9 | 1.3 | 80 | 16.1 | 0.8 | 93 | 16.0 | 1.0 | 68 | 16.3 | 1.5 |
Proportion of fat (%) | 100 | 28.8 | 2.0 | 80 | 28.7 | 2.0 | 93 | 28.9 | 2.3 | 68 | 29.2 | 3.1 |
Fiber intake (g) | 100 | 12.1 | 2.3 | 80 | 12.8 | 2.1 | 93 | 12.6 | 2.1 | 68 | 12.7 | 2.5 |
Vegetable intakes | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Whole day (g) | 100 | 196.5 | [155, 242] | 80 | 236.5 | [202.0, 281.5] | 93 | 223.0 | [183, 275] | 68 | 208.5 | [175, 263.5] |
Breakfast (g) | 100 | 26.5 | [8.0, 45.5] | 80 | 42.0 | [30.0, 65.5] | 93 | 38.0 | [13, 60] | 68 | 40.0 | [15.5, 52.5] |
Lunch (g) | 100 | 38.5 | [20.5, 60] | 80 | 58.0 | [37.5, 78] | 93 | 55.0 | [28, 75] | 68 | 44.0 | [23, 69.5] |
Dinner (g) | 100 | 130.0 | [118, 143.5] | 80 | 137.0 | [124.5, 148.5] | 93 | 132.0 | [120, 147] | 68 | 134.0 | [121, 147] |
Exercise status | 100 | Â | Â | 82 | Â | Â | 93 | Â | Â | 64 | Â | Â |
None | Â | 54 | 54% | Â | 24 | 29% | Â | 35 | 38% | Â | 27 | 42% |
1-3 day(s)/ wk | Â | 19 | 19% | Â | 14 | 17% | Â | 16 | 17% | Â | 7 | 11% |
4 days or over/ wk | Â | 27 | 27% | Â | 44 | 54% | Â | 42 | 45% | Â | 30 | 47% |
Exercise status: change from baseline | 82 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 62 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Less | Â | Â | Â | Â | 9 | 11% | Â | Â | Â | Â | 13 | 20% |
Not change | Â | Â | Â | Â | 43 | 52% | Â | Â | Â | Â | 40 | 63% |
More | Â | Â | Â | Â | 30 | 37% | Â | Â | Â | Â | 11 | 17% |