|
La Fromboise, 1995, journal article [41]
|
US, rural New Mexico
|
Education
|
Culturally tailored school-based life skills curriculum, including manual and teacher raining. (3/week × 30 weeks)
|
Native Americans (n=128): age range= 14–19 years, mean age=15.9 years and 36% male.
|
Pre-post, with two control groups
|
Self-report survey Observational methods
|
Suicide vulnerability: hopelessness, depression and self-efficacy
|
Intervention group less hopelessness (P<0.05); less suicidal (P<0.07); not less depressed.
|
8 months
|
NR
|
|
Berman, 1999, journal article [42]
|
US, rural Alaska
|
Community prevention
|
Alcohol restrictions
|
Experimental: 29,000 Control: 21,000
|
Interrupted time series with control group
|
Routinely collected population level data
|
Death rates from accidents, suicides and homicides
|
Significant reductions (P<0.05) in homicide for high level restrictions, and in suicide for low level restrictions. 21% reduction in overall injury deaths.
|
1-13yrs
|
NR
|
|
Tsey, 2000, journal article [43]
|
Australia, remote Qld
|
Community prevention
|
Four stage empowerment program (1 × 4hr session per week for 10 weeks per each stage)
|
Aboriginal community members (n=31): age range= 20–50 years, median age=early 40 years, and 10% male
|
Pre-post, no control
|
Self-report survey Participant observation Narrative interviews
|
Individual & community levels of empowerment
|
NR
|
10, 20, 30, and 40 weeks
| |
|
May, 2005, journal article [39]
|
US, rural New Mexico
|
Community prevention
|
Train youth as natural helpers
|
Native Americans (n=800): age range = 10–19 and 20–24 years.
|
Interrupted time series, no control
|
Self-report by health professionals and police and medical records
|
Suicide attempts, gestures & completions
|
Significant reductions (P<0.05) in rates of suicidal gestures and attempts. No change in suicidal completions.
|
13yrs
|
NR
|
|
Drug and suicide education
|
|
Family outreach post-suicide
|
|
Suicide-risk screening
|
|
Community cultural events
|
|
Reorientation of mental health services
|
|
Deane, 2006, journal article [35, 36]
|
Australia, regional NSW
|
Gatekeeper training
|
Suicide awareness and skills Gatekeeper training (8 × 1 day workshops)
|
Aboriginal Australian community members (n=48): age range= 19–55 years, mean age=36 years and 9% male.
|
Pre-post, no control
|
Self-report survey Interviews
|
Knowledge
|
Significant increases (P<0.05) pre-post training in knowledge, intentions, confidence. Non-significant changes post training to 2 years follow-up.
|
2yrs
|
NR
|
|
Confidence
|
|
Intentions
|
|
Haggarty, 2006, journal article [34]
|
Canada, rural
|
Education
|
Multi-media education (1 × 30 minute session)
|
Healthcare providers, teachers, students and elders (n=24)
|
Pre-post, no control
|
Self-report survey
|
Knowledge
|
Significant increases (P<0.05) in knowledge
|
NR
|
NR
|
|
Westerman, 2007, grey report [38]
|
Australia, rural and remote Western Australia
|
Gatekeeper training
|
Training and information workshops
|
Aboriginal youth and community members (n=769): age range =15-25 years.
|
Pre-post, no control
|
Self-report survey Interviews
|
Knowledge Confidence Intentions
|
Significant improvements (P<.05) in knowledge and confidence in how to identify individuals at risk of suicide.
|
NR
|
NR
|
|
Muehlenkamp, 2009, journal article [37]
|
US, Native American
|
Gatekeeper training
|
Gatekeeper training, education workshops, social activities, individual counselling and education seminars, student support team, social networking, spiritual ceremonies
|
Native American college students (n=90)
|
Pre-post, no control
|
Self-report survey
|
Knowledge Attitudes
|
Reported improvements in problem solving ability, and marginal improvements in communication skills and knowledge
|
NR
|
NR
|
|
Skills
|
|
Allen, 2009, journal article [40]
|
US, remote Alaska
|
Community prevention
|
Community module: 26 prevention activities (7 targeting community) in 32 sessions. Additional activities: increased alcohol control, suicide crisis response team & prayer walks (32 sessions over 12 months)
|
Alaskan Indigenous youth (n=61): age range=12-17 years, mean age= 14 years, and 30% male.
|
Pre-post, no control
|
Self-report survey
|
Community readiness
|
Significant (P<0.05) increase in number of protective behaviours in youth.
|
NR
|
NR
|
|
Youth & adult protective behaviours
|
|
Adults of youth (n=47): mean age=48 years and 42% male.
|
| | | | |
Community informants (n=5)
| | | | | | |
