Skip to main content

Table 3 Bivariate and multivariate analyses of association between total natural space and positive emotional well-being (N = 17 249)

From: Exposure to public natural space as a protective factor for emotional well-being among young people in Canada

 

Positive emotional well-being

Model PEWa

Model 1b

Model 2c

Model 3d

 

n

%

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

Total natural space

      

 1 (0.0% - 8.8%)

2 270

55.5

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 2 (8.8% - 24.3%)

2 347

52.3

0.94 (0.88-1.00)

0.99 (0.94-1.03)

0.98 (0.93-1.03)

0.99 (0.94-1.03)

 3 (24.3% - 46.3%)

2 731

57.5

1.03 (0.98-1.09)

1.05 (1.00-1.10)

1.05 (1.00-1.10)

1.05 (1.00-1.10)

 4 (46.3% - 95.0%)

2 118

54.0

1.00 (0.93-1.06)

1.01 (0.95-1.06)

1.02 (0.96-1.08)

1.01 (0.95-1.06)

 P trend

  

0.36

0.23

0.11

0.22

Individual-level

      

Gender

      

 Boys

4 795

58.5

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Girls

4 671

51.6

0.88 (0.86-0.91)

0.88 (0.86-0.91)

0.88 (0.86-0.91)

0.88 (0.86-0.91)

 P value

  

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

Age

      

 ≤11

1 451

61.0

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 12

2 098

60.4

0.99 (0.95-1.04)

1.00 (0.95-1.04)

1.00 (0.95-1.04)

1.00 (0.95-1.04)

 13

1 838

52.2

0.91 (0.86-0.95)

0.91 (0.86-0.96)

0.91 (0.86-0.96)

0.91 (0.87-0.96)

 14

1 739

52.5

0.87 (0.82-0.92)

0.87 (0.83-0.92)

0.87 (0.83-0.92)

0.87 (0.83-0.93)

 15

1 693

49.7

0.81 (0.77-0.86)

0.83 (0.78-0.87)

0.82 (0.77-0.87)

0.83 (0.77-0.87)

 ≥16

647

48.0

0.78 (0.72-0.84)

0.81 (0.75-0.87)

0.81 (0.75-0.87)

0.81 (0.75-0.87)

 P trend

  

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

Ethnicity

      

 Caucasian

6 963

56.8

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Aboriginal

449

41.4

0.75 (0.69-0.80)

0.80 (0.75-0.86)

0.81 (0.75-0.87)

0.81 (0.75-0.87)

 East and Southeast Asian

511

49.5

0.87 (0.81-0.93)

0.94 (0.88-1.00)

0.94 (0.88-1.00)

0.94 (0.88-1.00)

 South Asian

263

59.1

1.03 (0.94-1.12)

1.07 (0.98-1.15)

1.07 (0.98-1.16)

1.07 (0.99-1.16)

 West Asian and Arab

120

56.6

1.01 (0.89-1.13)

1.08 (0.95-1.19)

1.08 (0.96-1.20)

1.08 (0.96-1.20)

 Black

166

52.2

0.95 (0.85-1.05)

1.03 (0.93-1.13)

1.04 (0.93-1.14)

1.04 (0.94-1.14)

 Other

304

52.6

0.93 (0.86-1.01)

0.97 (0.90-1.05)

0.98 (0.90-1.05)

0.98 (0.90-1.05)

 Mixed

690

52.1

0.92 (0.87-0.97)

0.95 (0.90-1.00)

0.95 (0.90-1.01)

0.95 (0.90-1.01)

 P value

  

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

Family affluence

      

 Low (FAS 0–3)

495

37.9

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Medium (FAS 4–5)

2 875

48.0

1.25 (1.17-1.33)

1.22 (1.13-1.30)

1.22 (1.13-1.30)

1.21 (1.13-1.30)

 High (FAS 6–7)

6 096

61.3

1.30 (1.26-1.34)

1.27 (1.23-1.31)

1.27 (1.23-1.31)

1.27 (1.23-1.31)

 P trend

  

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

Neighborhood is safe for playing

      

 1 (disagree/strongly disagree)

583

46.4

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 2 (neither agree/disagree

1 358

46.8

1.01 (0.94-1.08)

1.02 (0.94-1.09)

1.02 (0.94-1.09)

1.02 (0.94-1.09)

 3 (agree)

4 116

52.3

1.13 (1.07-1.20)

1.12 (1.05-1.18)

1.12 (1.05-1.18)

1.12 (1.05-1.18)

 4 (strongly agree)

3 412

65.3

1.39 (1.33-1.45)

1.35 (1.28-1.41)

1.35 (1.28-1.41)

1.35 (1.28-1.41)

 P trend

  

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

Area-level

      

Neighborhood rundown houses

      

 Not a problem

7 286

56.1

1.00

 

1.00

1.00

 Minor problem

1 666

52.3

0.92 (0.87-0.92)

 

0.96 (0.91-1.01)

0.96 (0.91-1.00)

 Moderate/major problem

514

48.0

0.85 (0.77-0.85)

 

0.93 (0.85-1.04)

0.92 (0.85-1.00)

 P trend

  

<0.0001

 

0.005

0.009

Neighborhood litter/garbage

      

 Not a problem

3 089

56.5

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Minor problem

4 932

55.2

0.97 (0.92-0.97)

 

1.00 (0.96-1.05)

 

 Moderate/major problem

1 445

50.7

0.87 (0.81-0.87)

 

0.96 (0.90-1.03)

 

 P trend

  

0.0003

 

0.58

 

Neighborhood SES

      

 Low (lowest tertile)

2 735

54.8

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Medium

3 217

53.6

0.99 (0.94-0.99)

 

0.98 (0.94-1.03)

 

 High (highest tertile)

3 514

56.3

1.03 (0.98-1.03)

 

0.97 (0.92-1.02)

 

 P trend

  

0.20

 

0.21

 

Urban/rural geographic location

      

 Rural area (<10 000)

2 655

55.2

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Small city (10 000–99 999)

3 951

55.8

1.02 (0.97-1.02)

 

0.99 (0.94-1.04)

 

 Metropolitan area (≥100 000)

2 860

53.4

0.98 (0.92-0.98)

 

1.01 (0.97-1.07)

 

 P trend

  

0.37

 

0.51

 
  1. The intraclass correlation coefficient is 2.85%.
  2. aModel PEW: Bivariate models of positive emotional well-being and each covariate.
  3. bModel 1: Multivariate model with individual-level covariates only.
  4. cModel 2: Multivariate model with individual- and area-level covariates.
  5. dModel 3: Multivariate model with individual- and area-level covariates significant at p < 0.05 in Model 2.
  6. RR (95% CI), Risk ratio (95% Confidence Intervals).
  7. FAS, Family Affluence Scale.
  8. SES, Socio-economic status.
Back to article page

BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

Contact us