Total natural space
| | | | | | |
1 (0.0% - 8.8%)
|
2 270
|
55.5
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
2 (8.8% - 24.3%)
|
2 347
|
52.3
|
0.94 (0.88-1.00)
|
0.99 (0.94-1.03)
|
0.98 (0.93-1.03)
|
0.99 (0.94-1.03)
|
3 (24.3% - 46.3%)
|
2 731
|
57.5
|
1.03 (0.98-1.09)
|
1.05 (1.00-1.10)
|
1.05 (1.00-1.10)
|
1.05 (1.00-1.10)
|
4 (46.3% - 95.0%)
|
2 118
|
54.0
|
1.00 (0.93-1.06)
|
1.01 (0.95-1.06)
|
1.02 (0.96-1.08)
|
1.01 (0.95-1.06)
|
P trend
| | |
0.36
|
0.23
|
0.11
|
0.22
|
Individual-level
| | | | | | |
Gender
| | | | | | |
Boys
|
4 795
|
58.5
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Girls
|
4 671
|
51.6
|
0.88 (0.86-0.91)
|
0.88 (0.86-0.91)
|
0.88 (0.86-0.91)
|
0.88 (0.86-0.91)
|
P value
| | |
<0.0001
|
<0.0001
|
<0.0001
|
<0.0001
|
Age
| | | | | | |
≤11
|
1 451
|
61.0
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
12
|
2 098
|
60.4
|
0.99 (0.95-1.04)
|
1.00 (0.95-1.04)
|
1.00 (0.95-1.04)
|
1.00 (0.95-1.04)
|
13
|
1 838
|
52.2
|
0.91 (0.86-0.95)
|
0.91 (0.86-0.96)
|
0.91 (0.86-0.96)
|
0.91 (0.87-0.96)
|
14
|
1 739
|
52.5
|
0.87 (0.82-0.92)
|
0.87 (0.83-0.92)
|
0.87 (0.83-0.92)
|
0.87 (0.83-0.93)
|
15
|
1 693
|
49.7
|
0.81 (0.77-0.86)
|
0.83 (0.78-0.87)
|
0.82 (0.77-0.87)
|
0.83 (0.77-0.87)
|
≥16
|
647
|
48.0
|
0.78 (0.72-0.84)
|
0.81 (0.75-0.87)
|
0.81 (0.75-0.87)
|
0.81 (0.75-0.87)
|
P trend
| | |
<0.0001
|
<0.0001
|
<0.0001
|
<0.0001
|
Ethnicity
| | | | | | |
Caucasian
|
6 963
|
56.8
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Aboriginal
|
449
|
41.4
|
0.75 (0.69-0.80)
|
0.80 (0.75-0.86)
|
0.81 (0.75-0.87)
|
0.81 (0.75-0.87)
|
East and Southeast Asian
|
511
|
49.5
|
0.87 (0.81-0.93)
|
0.94 (0.88-1.00)
|
0.94 (0.88-1.00)
|
0.94 (0.88-1.00)
|
South Asian
|
263
|
59.1
|
1.03 (0.94-1.12)
|
1.07 (0.98-1.15)
|
1.07 (0.98-1.16)
|
1.07 (0.99-1.16)
|
West Asian and Arab
|
120
|
56.6
|
1.01 (0.89-1.13)
|
1.08 (0.95-1.19)
|
1.08 (0.96-1.20)
|
1.08 (0.96-1.20)
|
Black
|
166
|
52.2
|
0.95 (0.85-1.05)
|
1.03 (0.93-1.13)
|
1.04 (0.93-1.14)
|
1.04 (0.94-1.14)
|
Other
|
304
|
52.6
|
0.93 (0.86-1.01)
|
0.97 (0.90-1.05)
|
0.98 (0.90-1.05)
|
0.98 (0.90-1.05)
|
Mixed
|
690
|
52.1
|
0.92 (0.87-0.97)
|
0.95 (0.90-1.00)
|
0.95 (0.90-1.01)
|
0.95 (0.90-1.01)
|
P value
| | |
<0.0001
|
<0.0001
|
<0.0001
|
<0.0001
|
Family affluence
| | | | | | |
Low (FAS 0–3)
|
495
|
37.9
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Medium (FAS 4–5)
|
2 875
|
48.0
|
1.25 (1.17-1.33)
|
1.22 (1.13-1.30)
|
1.22 (1.13-1.30)
|
1.21 (1.13-1.30)
|
High (FAS 6–7)
|
6 096
|
61.3
|
1.30 (1.26-1.34)
|
1.27 (1.23-1.31)
|
1.27 (1.23-1.31)
|
1.27 (1.23-1.31)
|
P trend
| | |
<0.0001
|
<0.0001
|
<0.0001
|
<0.0001
|
Neighborhood is safe for playing
| | | | | | |
1 (disagree/strongly disagree)
|
583
|
46.4
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
2 (neither agree/disagree
|
1 358
|
46.8
|
1.01 (0.94-1.08)
|
1.02 (0.94-1.09)
|
1.02 (0.94-1.09)
|
1.02 (0.94-1.09)
|
3 (agree)
|
4 116
|
52.3
|
1.13 (1.07-1.20)
|
1.12 (1.05-1.18)
|
1.12 (1.05-1.18)
|
1.12 (1.05-1.18)
|
4 (strongly agree)
|
3 412
|
65.3
|
1.39 (1.33-1.45)
|
1.35 (1.28-1.41)
|
1.35 (1.28-1.41)
|
1.35 (1.28-1.41)
|
P trend
| | |
<0.0001
|
<0.0001
|
<0.0001
|
<0.0001
|
Area-level
| | | | | | |
Neighborhood rundown houses
| | | | | | |
Not a problem
|
7 286
|
56.1
|
1.00
| |
1.00
|
1.00
|
Minor problem
|
1 666
|
52.3
|
0.92 (0.87-0.92)
| |
0.96 (0.91-1.01)
|
0.96 (0.91-1.00)
|
Moderate/major problem
|
514
|
48.0
|
0.85 (0.77-0.85)
| |
0.93 (0.85-1.04)
|
0.92 (0.85-1.00)
|
P trend
| | |
<0.0001
| |
0.005
|
0.009
|
Neighborhood litter/garbage
| | | | | | |
Not a problem
|
3 089
|
56.5
|
1.00
| |
1.00
| |
Minor problem
|
4 932
|
55.2
|
0.97 (0.92-0.97)
| |
1.00 (0.96-1.05)
| |
Moderate/major problem
|
1 445
|
50.7
|
0.87 (0.81-0.87)
| |
0.96 (0.90-1.03)
| |
P trend
| | |
0.0003
| |
0.58
| |
Neighborhood SES
| | | | | | |
Low (lowest tertile)
|
2 735
|
54.8
|
1.00
| |
1.00
| |
Medium
|
3 217
|
53.6
|
0.99 (0.94-0.99)
| |
0.98 (0.94-1.03)
| |
High (highest tertile)
|
3 514
|
56.3
|
1.03 (0.98-1.03)
| |
0.97 (0.92-1.02)
| |
P trend
| | |
0.20
| |
0.21
| |
Urban/rural geographic location
| | | | | | |
Rural area (<10 000)
|
2 655
|
55.2
|
1.00
| |
1.00
| |
Small city (10 000–99 999)
|
3 951
|
55.8
|
1.02 (0.97-1.02)
| |
0.99 (0.94-1.04)
| |
Metropolitan area (≥100 000)
|
2 860
|
53.4
|
0.98 (0.92-0.98)
| |
1.01 (0.97-1.07)
| |
P trend
| | |
0.37
| |
0.51
| |