Table 2 Associations of socio-demographic factors with creatinine-adjusted cotinine concentrations in Israeli nonsmoking adults, Israel human biomonitoring study, 2011 (N = 148)
Variable | ≥1 μg/l (LOQ) | PR (95% CI) | p-value* | ≥4 μg/l | PR (95% CI) | p-value* | Geometric mean (μg/g Creatinine) | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% (n/N)a,b | % (n/N)a | ||||||||
All | 62.2 (92/148) | 16.2 (24/148) | 1.33 | 1.06–1.67 | |||||
Age (years) | 20–44 | 67.8 (61/90) | Ref. | 15.6 (14/90) | Ref. | 1.27 | 0.95–1.68 | ||
45–74 | 53.5 (31/58) | 0.70 (0.60; 1.04) | 0.096 | 17.2 (10/58) | 1.11(0.53; 2.33) | 0.786 | 1.42 | 0.96–2.12 | |
Sex | Males | 75.8 (47/62) | 1.45 (1.13; 1.85) | 0.003 | 22.6 (14/62) | 1.94 (0.92; 4.08) | 0.080 | 1.65 | 1.10–2.48 |
Females | 52.3 (45/86) | Ref. | 11.6 (10/86) | Ref. | 1.13 | 0.87–1.48 | |||
Ethnicity | Jewish | 65.4 (66/101) | 1.18 (0.88; 1.58) | 0.266 | 17.8 (18/101) | 1.40 (0.59; 3.29) | 0.455 | 1.39 | 1.06–1.83 |
Arab | 52.3 (23/44) | Ref. | 13.6 (6/44) | Ref. | 1.17 | 0.73–1.86 | |||
Residence type | Urban | 62.0 (85/137) | Ref. | 15.3 (21/137) | Ref. | 1.30 | 1.04–1.63 | ||
Rural | 63.6 (7/11) | 1.03 (0.64; 1.63) | 0.915 | 27.3 (3/11) | 1.78 (0.63; 5.05) | 0.279 | 1.69 | 0.38–7.52 | |
Country of birth | Israel | 59.7 (77/129) | Ref. | 14.7 (19/129) | Ref. | 1.23 | 0.97–1.56 | ||
Other | 71.4 (10/14) | 1.20 (0.83; 1.72) | 0.329 | 14.3 (2/14) | 0.97 (0.25; 3.74) | 0.965 | 1.36 | 0.77–2.41 | |
Education | Lower education | 69.4 (77/111) | 1.64 (1.08; 2.48) | 0.021 | 20.7 (23/111) | 6.84 (0.96; 48.74) | 0.055 | 1.58 | 1.20–2.07 |
Higher education | 42.4 (14/33) | Ref. | 3.0 (1/33) | Ref. | 0.79 | 0.53–1.19 | |||