|
Variable
|
≥1 μg/l (LOQ)
|
PR (95% CI)
|
p-value*
|
≥4 μg/l
|
PR (95% CI)
|
p-value*
|
Geometric mean (μg/g Creatinine)
|
95% CI
|
|---|
|
% (n/N)a,b
|
% (n/N)a
|
|---|
|
All
| |
62.2 (92/148)
| | |
16.2 (24/148)
| | |
1.33
|
1.06–1.67
|
|
Age (years)
|
20–44
|
67.8 (61/90)
|
Ref.
| |
15.6 (14/90)
|
Ref.
| |
1.27
|
0.95–1.68
|
|
45–74
|
53.5 (31/58)
|
0.70 (0.60; 1.04)
|
0.096
|
17.2 (10/58)
|
1.11(0.53; 2.33)
|
0.786
|
1.42
|
0.96–2.12
|
|
Sex
|
Males
|
75.8 (47/62)
|
1.45 (1.13; 1.85)
|
0.003
|
22.6 (14/62)
|
1.94 (0.92; 4.08)
|
0.080
|
1.65
|
1.10–2.48
|
|
Females
|
52.3 (45/86)
|
Ref.
|
11.6 (10/86)
|
Ref.
|
1.13
|
0.87–1.48
|
|
Ethnicity
|
Jewish
|
65.4 (66/101)
|
1.18 (0.88; 1.58)
|
0.266
|
17.8 (18/101)
|
1.40 (0.59; 3.29)
|
0.455
|
1.39
|
1.06–1.83
|
|
Arab
|
52.3 (23/44)
|
Ref.
|
13.6 (6/44)
|
Ref.
|
1.17
|
0.73–1.86
|
|
Residence type
|
Urban
|
62.0 (85/137)
|
Ref.
| |
15.3 (21/137)
|
Ref.
| |
1.30
|
1.04–1.63
|
|
Rural
|
63.6 (7/11)
|
1.03 (0.64; 1.63)
|
0.915
|
27.3 (3/11)
|
1.78 (0.63; 5.05)
|
0.279
|
1.69
|
0.38–7.52
|
|
Country of birth
|
Israel
|
59.7 (77/129)
|
Ref.
| |
14.7 (19/129)
|
Ref.
| |
1.23
|
0.97–1.56
|
|
Other
|
71.4 (10/14)
|
1.20 (0.83; 1.72)
|
0.329
|
14.3 (2/14)
|
0.97 (0.25; 3.74)
|
0.965
|
1.36
|
0.77–2.41
|
|
Education
|
Lower education
|
69.4 (77/111)
|
1.64 (1.08; 2.48)
|
0.021
|
20.7 (23/111)
|
6.84 (0.96; 48.74)
|
0.055
|
1.58
|
1.20–2.07
|
|
Higher education
|
42.4 (14/33)
|
Ref.
| |
3.0 (1/33)
|
Ref.
| |
0.79
|
0.53–1.19
|
- *Significance levels are based on Univariable log-binomial regression, compared to reference level.
-
aFor each variable category, the proportion is given as well as, in parentheses, the number of participants above the cut-off (n) and the total number of participants in the category (N).
-
bCI, Confidence interval; LOQ, Limit of quantification; PR, Prevalence ratio; Ref. = Reference.
