Skip to main content

Table 2 Breast cancer stage at diagnosis for women 40-64 yrs., in 1990 and 2000 by zip code income and education level 1 and race/ethnicity 2

From: Neighborhood socio-economic disadvantage and race/ethnicity as predictors of breast cancer stage at diagnosis

             

Percent difference between

 
  

1990

  

2000

 

1990 & 20003

Overall

 

N

In situ

Local

Regional

Distant

 

N

In situ

Local

Regional

Distant

 

In situ

Local

Regional

Distant

difference

  

%

%

%

%

p-value4

 

%

%

%

%

p-value5

%

%

%

%

p-value6

WHITE

5779

16.7

37.7

41.8

3.8

 

8323

19.9

38.6

38.6

2.9

 

3.2**

0.9

−3.2**

−0.9**

<0.0001

Zip code income level 7

                 

  ≤ 16.0% (Less poverty) 

1923

18.8

37.4

40.8

3.0

<0.0001

2924

21.1

40.9

35.8

2.2

<0.0001

2.3

3.5*

−5.0**

−0.8

0.0007

  16.1%–28.2% 

1660

16.3

39.8

40.3

3.6

 

2486

19.2

38.3

39.8

2.7

 

2.9*

−1.5

−0.5

−0.9

0.0553

  28.3%–42.1% 

1318

15.2

38.8

42.1

3.9

 

1898

21.1

36.6

39.0

3.3

 

5.9**

−2.2

−3.1

−0.6

0.0005

  ≥ 42.2% (More poverty) 

878

15.0

32.9

46.3

5.8

 

1015

16.3

36.8

42.5

4.4

 

1.3

3.9

−3.8

−1.4

0.1217

Zip code education level 8

                 

  ≤ 9.5% (More educated) 

1827

18.9

37.7

40.3

3.1

0.0006

2746

21.1

40.1

36.4

2.4

0.0046

2.1

2.5

−3.9**

−0.7

0.0156

  9.6%-17.4% 

1766

16.7

39.1

40.5

3.7

 

2748

19.9

38.5

39.0

2.6

 

3.1**

−0.6

−1.4

−1.1*

0.0138

  17.5%–29.8% 

1342

15.2

37.6

43.5

3.7

 

1858

18.8

37.8

40.2

3.2

 

3.6 **

0.2

−3.4

−0.4

0.0369

  ≥ 29.9% (Less educated) 

844

14.2

35.1

44.9

5.8

 

971

18.8

36.5

40.3

4.4

 

4.6**

1.4

−4.6*

−1.4

0.0184

BLACK

460

13.3

26.3

52.4

8.0

 

767

17.5

28.3

49.3

4.9

 

4.0

2.4

−3.2

−3.2*

0.0342

Zip code income level 7

                 

  ≤ 16.0% (Less poverty) 

33

─

─

─

─

─

80

─

35.0

46.2

─

─

─

─

─

─

─

  16.1%–28.2% 

81

─

29.6

50.6

─

 

152

17.1

36.8

40.8

─

 

─

7.2

−9.8

─

─

  28.3%–42.1% 

92

─

25.0

53.3

─

 

156

21.8

25.6

46.8

─

 

─

0.6

−6.5

─

─

  ≥ 42.2% (More poverty) 

254

11.4

25.2

55.1

8.3

 

379

15.8

24.5

54.4

5.3

 

4.4

−0.7

−0.7

−3.0

0.2357

Zip code education level 8

                 

  ≤ 9.5% (More educated) 

26

─

─

─

─

─

74

─

37.8

44.6

─

─

─

─

─

─

─

  9.6%–17.4% 

78

─

26.9

55.1

─

 

119

14.3

31.9

47.1

─

 

─

5.0

8.1

─

─

  17.5%–29.8% 

123

13.0

26.0

52.9

─

 

234

24.3

28.2

43.2

─

 

11.4**

2.2

−9.7

─

─

  ≥ 29.9% (Less educated) 

233

10.7

26.2

54.1

9.0

 

340

14.1

25.0

55.3

5.6

 

3.4

−1.2

1.2

−3.4

0.2980

ASIAN/PACIFIC

                 

ISLANDERS

540

13.3

35.2

46.1

5.4

 

1286

22.8

34.5

40.4

2.3

 

9.5**

−0.7

−5.7*

−3.1**

<0.0001

Zip code income level 7

                 

  ≤ 16.0% (Less poverty) 

150

18.0

40.7

38.0

─

─

418

26.3

35.2

37.1

─

─

8.3*

−5.5

−0.9

─

─

  16.1%–28.2% 

163

13.5

32.5

49.7

─

 

366

22.1

35.5

40.2

─

 

8.6*

3.0

−9.5*

─

─

  28.3%–42.1% 

110

─

34.6

49.1

─

 

273

21.6

28.6

46.5

─

 

─

−6.0

−2.6

─

─

  ≥ 42.2% (More poverty) 

117

─

32.5

48.7

─

 

229

18.8

38.4

39.7

─

 

─

5.9

−9.0

─

─

Zip code education level 8

                 

  ≤ 9.5% (More educated) 

117

19.7

40.2

38.4

─

─

307

28.4

32.9

37.1

─

─

8.7

−7.3

−1.3

─

─

  9.6%–17.4% 

152

15.1

30.9

47.4

─

 

377

23.9

37.7

37.4

─

 

8.8*

6.7

−10.0*

─

─

  17.5%–29.8% 

142

─

39.4

46.5

─

 

335

20.3

31.3

44.5

─

 

─

−8.1

−2.0

─

─

  ≥ 29.9% (Less educated) 

129

─

31.0

51.2

─

 

267

18.0

35.6

43.4

─

 

─

4.6

−7.8

─

─

HISPANIC

840

15.3

31.8

48.0

4.9

 

1591

17.1

29.1

49.5

4.3

 

1.7

−2.7

1.5

−0.5

0.4016

Zip code income level 7

                 

  ≤ 16.0% (Less poverty) 

111

20.7

36.1

37.8

─

─

233

17.6

34.3

44.7

─

─

−3.1

−1.7

6.8

─

─

  16.1%–28.2% 

151

13.9

39.1

44.4

─

 

295

20.0

32.2

45.4

─

 

6.1

−6.9

1.0

─

─

  28.3%–42.1% 

224

18.7

29.9

46.9

─

 

413

16.2

30.8

46.7

6.3

 

−2.5

0.8

−0.1

─

─

  ≥ 42.2% (More poverty) 

354

12.2

28.5

53.4

5.9

 

650

16.6

24.3

54.8

4.3

 

4.4*

−4.2

1.4

−1.6

0.1142

Zip code education level 8

                 

  ≤ 9.5% (More educated) 

88

22.7

36.4

37.5

─

─

164

20.7

36.0

42.7

─

─

−2.0

−0.4

5.2

─

─

  9.6%–17.4% 

126

14.3

39.7

39.7

─

 

239

16.3

30.5

46.9

─

 

2.0

−9.2

7.2

─

─

  17.5%–29.8% 

225

16.4

33.8

45.8

─

 

432

17.6

32.6

45.2

4.6

 

1.1

−1.1

−0.6

─

─

  ≥ 29.9% (Less educated) 

401

13.5

27.2

54.1

5.2

 

756

16.3

25.1

54.2

4.4

 

2.8

−2.1

0.1

−0.8

0.5320

  1. 1Quartiles derived from the 2000 U.S. Census sample estimates.
  2. 2These results were obtained using data from the California Cancer Registry and the U.S. Census. Only individuals residing in zip code areas that reported diagnoses in both 1990 and 2000 and had complete data for federal poverty level (FPL) and education in the 2000 U.S. Census were reported (n = 1,011 zip code areas).
  3. 3Based on t-tests across breast cancer stage at diagnosis categories.
  4. 4Chi-square test of the difference between stages by variable category in 1990.
  5. 5Chi-square test of the difference between stages by variable category in 2000.
  6. 6Chi-square test of the overall difference between stages by variable category from 1990 to 2000.
  7. 7Income quartiles, which represent the percentage of residents living below the 200% FPL, were derived from the 2000 U.S. Census sample estimates.
  8. 8Education quartiles, which represent the percentage of residents with less than a high school education, were derived from the 2000 U.S. Census sample estimates.
  9. *p-value < 0.05.
  10. **p-value < 0.01.
  11. ─Percentages not shown, since they were based on counts having less than 16 individuals; tests of significance for the categories with unreported percentages are also not reported.
Back to article page

BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

Contact us