Table 2 Theoretical models of WASH and WASH-related behaviours included in the systematic review
Citation | Behaviour or outcome of focus | Included determinants |
|---|---|---|
Environmental Health Project et al. 2004 [1] | Diarrheal prevention | Access to hardware: water supply systems, improved sanitation, household technologies |
Hygiene promotion: communication, social mobilization, community participation, social marketing, advocacy | ||
Enabling environment: policy improvement, institutional strengthening, community organization, financing, partnerships | ||
Rainey and Harding, 2005 [28] | Household water treatment (SODIS) | Application of the Health Belief Model, including: |
Individual perceptions: perceived severity and perceived susceptibility to disease (diarrhoea) | ||
Modifying factors: demographic variables, socio-economic variables, structural variables; perceived threat of disease; cues to action | ||
Likelihood of Action: perceived benefits of taking action minus perceived barriers, perceived efficacy of action and ability to complete it, likelihood of taking action | ||
Jenkins and Scott, 2007 [32] | Sanitation | Preference (motivation): dissatisfaction with current practices, awareness of options |
Intention: priority of change among competing goals, absence of permanent constraints to acquiring sanitation | ||
Choice: absence of temporary constraints to acquiring sanitation | ||
Curtis et al. 2009 (elaborated in Curtis et al. 2011) [34, 35] | Handwashing with soap | Planning: teaching children manners |
Motivation: disgust, norms, conform, nurture | ||
Habit: train children, tips to train oneself | ||
Social norms | ||
Physical facilities: cues, costs | ||
Biological signs of contamination | ||
Handwashing (FOAM) and Sanitation (SaniFOAM) | Opportunity: access / availability, product attributes, social norms (FOAM), sanction/enforcement (SaniFOAM) | |
Ability: knowledge, social support (FOAM), skills and self-efficacy, roles and decisions, affordability (SaniFOAM) | ||
Motivations: beliefs and attitudes, outcome expectations, threat, intention (FOAM), values, emotional/physical/social drivers competing priorities, willingness-to-pay (SaniFOAM) | ||
Figueroa and Kincaid, 2010 [37] | Household water treatment and storage | Individual: knowledge / skills, attitudes, perceived risk and severity, subjective norms, self-image, emotional response, self-efficacy, empathy & trust, social influence, personal advocacy |
Household: time allocation, family support, resources, decision making | ||
Community: value for water quality, leadership, action, resources, cohesion | ||
Environmental/context: burden of disease, WASH technologies, community infrastructure, socio-demographic infrastructure, income inequality | ||
Wood et al. 2011 [31] | Household water treatment (filters) | Awareness: Perceived need, awareness of products, assess value of products and relevance to lives |
Action: trial / initial use, sustained use | ||
Maintenance: purchase, sustained use | ||
Mosler, 2012 [36] | WASH practices (general) | Risk factors: perceived vulnerability, perceived severity, factual knowledge |
Attitude factors: Instrumental beliefs, affective beliefs | ||
Normative Factors: descriptive, injunctive, and personal norm | ||
Ability Factors: Action knowledge, self-efficacy, maintenance efficacy, recovery efficacy | ||
Self-Regulation Factors: action control / planning, coping planning, remembering, commitment |