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Table 3 Age-standardized prevalence of noncommunicable disease risk factors, by education level, and education-related absolute inequality among adults aged 18 or higher of 48 low- and middle-income countries, World Health Survey 2002-04

From: Socioeconomic inequalities in risk factors for non communicable diseases in low-income and middle-income countries: results from the World Health Survey

    

Current daily smokers

Low-fruit/vegetable consumersa

Physically inactive peopleb

Heavy episodic alcohol drinkersc

    

Estimate

   95% CI

Estimate

   95% CI

Estimate

   95% CI

Estimate

   95% CI

Men

Middle-income country group

No formal schooling

 

40.0

37.9

42.2

82.0

80.1

84.0

18.9

17.0

20.8

9.9

8.5

11.2

  

Less than primary school

 

36.7

35.0

38.5

82.3

80.8

83.8

16.2

14.5

17.9

10.2

9.1

11.3

  

Primary school completed

 

37.8

36.4

39.1

80.3

79.1

81.6

12.3

11.4

13.3

13.7

12.6

14.8

  

Secondary/high school completed

 

33.4

32.3

34.5

77.5

76.3

78.6

12.5

11.6

13.4

12.6

11.8

13.5

  

College completed or above

 

21.8

20.4

23.2

75.6

74.0

77.2

14.7

13.4

16.1

11.6

10.4

12.9

  

Slope index of inequality

Model 1 d

24.0

20.2

27.9

8.0

3.4

12.5

−2.7

−5.7

0.2

−3.3

−6.3

−0.3

   

Model 2 e

20.8

16.7

24.9

2.3

−2.5

7.1

0.0

−3.1

3.0

−3.1

−6.3

0.1

 

Low-income country group

No formal schooling

 

29.7

28.3

31.1

74.3

72.8

75.8

8.2

7.4

9.0

6.9

6.0

7.9

  

Less than primary school

 

29.5

28.1

31.0

73.0

71.6

74.5

8.5

7.4

9.7

7.6

6.8

8.4

  

Primary school completed

 

25.8

24.5

27.2

70.5

69.0

72.1

8.4

7.3

9.4

6.9

6.1

7.7

  

Secondary/high school completed

 

19.8

18.6

21.0

72.9

71.4

74.5

10.0

8.7

11.2

7.5

6.6

8.4

  

College completed or above

 

14.7

13.2

16.3

72.3

70.3

74.4

12.7

11.2

14.1

8.2

6.9

9.6

  

Slope index of inequality

Model 1 d

26.5

22.8

30.3

8.9

5.7

12.0

−2.7

−4.7

−0.7

2.7

1.2

4.1

   

Model 2 e

17.2

13.3

21.1

4.7

1.6

7.8

0.1

−1.8

2.1

2.5

1.0

3.9

Women

Middle-income country group

No formal schooling

 

10.8

9.7

12.0

85.8

84.2

87.5

22.8

20.7

24.8

2.3

1.7

2.9

  

Less than primary school

 

10.6

9.8

11.4

82.6

81.2

83.9

21.2

19.5

22.9

2.0

1.6

2.3

  

Primary school completed

 

13.6

12.5

14.8

81.6

80.4

82.9

15.1

14.0

16.2

3.7

3.1

4.2

  

Secondary/high school completed

 

10.4

9.8

11.1

76.4

75.2

77.6

14.6

13.8

15.5

3.1

2.7

3.5

  

College completed or above

 

8.4

7.5

9.3

74.1

72.6

75.7

14.9

13.6

16.3

3.1

2.6

3.7

  

Slope index of inequality

Model 1 d

8.9

6.2

11.5

8.5

4.4

12.7

−1.6

−4.6

1.4

−1.3

−2.7

0.1

   

Model 2 e

10.5

7.4

13.6

2.6

−1.7

6.8

0.2

−2.9

3.2

−0.5

−2.1

1.0

 

Low-income country group

No formal schooling

 

7.3

6.8

7.8

76.0

74.7

77.2

14.0

13.2

14.9

2.4

2.0

2.7

  

Less than primary school

 

5.6

4.8

6.3

73.6

72.1

75.1

13.9

12.8

15.1

1.9

1.5

2.3

  

Primary school completed

 

2.3

1.9

2.8

72.0

70.4

73.5

15.1

13.9

16.3

3.1

2.4

3.7

  

Secondary/high school completed

 

2.1

1.6

2.7

72.2

70.4

73.9

18.3

16.9

19.8

2.1

1.4

2.7

  

College completed or above

 

1.4

0.9

2.0

69.5

67.3

71.7

16.0

14.1

17.9

2.8

1.8

3.8

  

Slope index of inequality

Model 1 d

7.1

4.7

9.6

8.5

5.2

11.8

−5.5

−8.9

−2.1

0.4

−0.1

0.9

   

Model 2 e

4.2

1.1

7.3

5.3

1.8

8.9

1.8

−1.5

5.1

−0.1

−0.8

0.5

  1. Abbreviations: 95% CI, 95% Confidence Interval.
  2. All numbers are in percentage.
  3. a No data were available for Mexico.
  4. b No data were available for Morocco and Latvia.
  5. c Mauritania; and Bosnia-Herzegovina, Comoros, Mauritania and Pakistan were excluded from male and female datasets, respectively.
  6. d Model 1 is adjusted for country of residence and age.
  7. e Model 2 is adjusted for country of residence, age, marital status, urban/rural area and education.
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